Altered oral microbiota in chronic hepatitis B patients with different tongue coatings

Table 1 Physiological characteristics of the subjects

	Healthy	CHB patients		P value
		White tongue coating	Yellow tongue coating
Age	34.09 ± 7.16	34.46 ± 9.92	38.08 ± 9.89	0.255
Gender, male/female	13/9	21/7	17/8	0.488
BMI (kg/m2)	21.22 (16.61-25.56)	23.44 (18.42-31.64)	23.30 (18.37-45.67)	0.077
Antiviral drugs (%)	/	78.60%	64%	0.24
Chinese herbs (%)	/	17.90%	28%	0.378
TBIL (μmol/L)	14.87 (8.29-31.62)	12.85 (7.9-27.7)	17.27 (6.4-45.6)	0.27
DBIL (μmol/L)	3.065 (1.7-6.76)	3.9 (1.64-9.2)	4.8 (2.05-34.7)b	0.006
IDBIL (μmol/L)	11.6 (6.3-25.7)	8.95 (5-18.7)	10.2 (4.2-19.6)	0.282
ALT (IU/L)	15 (10-34)	28.75 (8.5-170)b	47 (11.1-533)c	< 0.001
AST (IU/L)	17.5 (11-31)	27 (12-133)b	38 (14.8-543)c	< 0.001
ALP(IU/L)	15.28 (9-52)	25.8 (10.01-98)	38 (8.6-274)c	< 0.001
GGT (IU/L)	70.5 (35-119)	72.7 (37.1-131)	76.3 (41.7-202)	0.62
ALB (g/L)	44.97 (40.89-50.77)	48.7 (43.1-56.3)ad	46 (36.6-50.1)	0.003
PT (s)	12.55 (11.3-13.9)	12.7 (11.1-16.4)	13.3 (11.3-16)	0.032
HBV-DNA (IU/mL)	/	500 (500-44830000)d	21210 (500-324100000)	0.03
BUN (mmol/L)	4.39 (2.97-6.39)	4.96 (2.96-8.9)	4.2 (2.4-7.28)	0.074
Gr (μmol/L)	72.355 (45.1-106.67)	70 (27.4-96.7)	69 (35.9-83)	0.449
UN (μmol/L)	305.5 (201-406)	325 (207-550)	294 (154-429)	0.204
FPG (mmol/L)	5.2 (3.96-5.63)	5.2 (4.29-7.09)	5.215 (4.07-15.54)	0.532
TC (mmol/L)	4.04 (0.37-6.34)	4.55 (3.15-6.52)	4.36 (3.1-6.74)	0.102
TG (mmol/L)	0.84 (0.37-1.91)	1.17 (0.58-3.31)a	1.11 (0.68-2.62)a	0.008
HDL (mmol/L)	1.14 (0.74-1.76)	1.145 (0.72-1.86)	1.07 (0.58-2.02)	0.779
LDL (mmol/L)	2.205 (1.38-5.04)	2.27 (1.47-3.8)	2.44 (1.12-3.73)	0.647
APOA-A (g/L)	1.175 (0.85-1.62)	1.08 (0.76-1.91)c	1.02 (0.71-1.42)c	0.013

Quantitative results are expressed as median with minimum and maximum into brackets. The P values indicate the significance of difference among groups, and the Kruskal-Wallis test for 3 groups and Nemenyi test were used for post pairwise comparisons. The HBV-DNA titers between the chronic hepatitis B (CHB) yellow and white tongue coating patients were compared using the standard non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. The antiviral drugs usage and the Chinese herbs usage were compared between CHB yellow and white tongue coating patients using the Chi-square test.

^aP < 0.05 vs healthy controls,

^bP < 0.01 vs healthy controls,

^cP < 0.001 vs healthy controls,

^dP < 0.05 vs CHB yellow tongue coating patients.

Table 2 Metabolites detected in the tongue coatings

Metabolites	Formula	Rt (min)	Type	KEGG compounds	VIP	P (corr)	CHB VS H		Healthy	CHBWhite tongue coating	CHBYellow tongue coating
							P value	FC
L-Proline	C5H9NO2	83.3392	[M+H]+	C00148	1.04	-0.68	0.134	1.473	1.01 (0.13-12)	3 (0.16-20.14)	3.88 (0.09-15.28)
L-Valine	C5H11NO2	120.7915	[M+H]+	C00183	1.07	-0.76	0.081	1.608	2.92 (0.82-17.97)	3.98 (1.13-38.65)	7.44 (1.08-31.3)
L-Isoleucine	C6H13NO2	194.3545	[M+H]+	C00123	1.15	-0.81	0.069	1.641	5.55 (0.43-30.81)	7.23 (1.23-58.36)	13.28 (0.22-45.18)
L-Leucine	C6H13NO2	212.576	[M+H]+	C00123	1.07	-0.81	0.029	1.715	8.9 (0.02-44.58)	14.65 (2.89-84.8)	21.6 (0.44-61.98)
Hypoxanthine	C5H4N4O	154.305	[M+H]+	C00262	1.07	-0.80	0.039	2.218	0.42 (0.01-6.93)	1.31 (0.05-17.87)	2.46 (0.01-14.33)
Urocanic acid	C6H6N2O2	132.3225	[M+H]+	C00785	1.00	-0.78	0.044	2.587	0.62 (0.07-4.46)	0.93 (0.08-12.84)	1.93 (0.08-13.92)
L-Lysine	C6H14N2O2	64.124	[M+H]+	C00047	1.01	-0.72	0.683	1.510	0.08 (0.05-0.28)	0.08 (0.03-0.81)	0.08 (0.03-0.65)
Glutamate	C5H9NO4	76.6581	[M+H]+	C00025	1.04	-0.75	0.159	1.955	0.14 (0.02-1.17)	0.2 (0-2.99)	0.39 (0-2.52)
Methionine	C5H11NO2S	131.208	[M+H]+	C00073	1.16	-0.80	0.144	1.543	1.08 (0.01-7.21)	1.74 (0.13-10.21)	2.26 (0-9.75)
Xanthine	C5H4N4O2	183.102	[M+H]+	C00385	1.01	-0.73	0.151	2.058	0.09 (0-2.91)	0.24 (0-4.93)	0.47 (0-4.75)
L-Phenylalanine	C9H11NO2	277.369	[M+H]+	C00079	1.17	-0.82	0.069	1.534	6.72 (0.83-24.15)	11.07 (1.84-51.35)	13.1 (0.31-36.18)
Glycyl-Valine	C7H14N2O3	205.364	[M+H]+		1.07	-0.70	0.078	1.548	0.07 (0-1.1)	0.15 (0-0.84)	0.19 (0-1.38)
Citrulline	C6H13N3O3	77.3246	[M+H]+	C00327	1.16	-0.74	0.216	1.486	0.12 (0-1.28)	0.14 (0.01-1.7)	0.3 (0-1.38)
L-Tyrosine	C9H11NO3	204.441	[M+H]+	C00082	1.17	-0.81	0.095	1.512	2.63 (0.33-11.35)	4.36 (0.71-22.15)	5.67 (0.1-16.28)
Benzophenone	C13H10O	882.111	[M+H]+	C06354	1.19	0.81	< 0.001	0.752	0.25 (0.16-0.3)	0.19 (0.1-0.3)	0.18 (0.07-0.25)
L-Tryptophan	C11H12N2O2	338.856	[M+H]+	C00078	1.03	-0.74	0.23	1.940	0.57 (0.09-3.63)	0.74 (0.07-12.67)	1.11 (0.1-9.81)
12-Hydroxylauric acid	C12H24O3	906.316	[M+H]+	C08317	1.12	0.72	< 0.001	0.697	10.81 (8.25-16.18)	7.3 (0.08-12.49)	7.61 (0.08-14.08)
N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine	C8H15NO6	82.3978	[M+H]+	C03878	1.02	-0.39	0.936	0.942	0.04 (0-0.46)	0.07 (0-0.34)	0.07 (0-0.44)
L-cystathionine	C7H14N2O4S	836.2685	[M+H]+	C02291	1.10	0.67	0.24	0.919	0.48 (0.31-0.79)	0.48 (0.2-0.81)	0.43 (0.22-0.66)
S-adenosyl-L-methionine	C15H22N6O5S	66.1963	[M+H]+	C00019	1.02	0.79	0.029	0.888	9.98 (8.09-12.77)	9.2 (4.71-12.09)	8.58 (4.98-14.58)
Guanosine	C10H13N5O5	230.687	[M+H]-	C00387	1.01	0.02	0.824	0.763	3.02 (0.55-14.19)	2.98 (0-10.27)	3.52 (0-10.89)