Proton therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: Current knowledges and future perspectives

Table 1 Studies of proton beam therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma

Study	Patients (n)	CTPscore	Tumorsize (cm)	PVTT	RT regimen (GyE/fractions)	LC	PFS	OS
Tsukuba (2008)[39]	53	A: 87% B: 11% C: 2%	≤ 3: 25% > 3 - < 5: 34% ≥ 5 - < 10: 34% ≥ 10: 8%	28%	72.6/22 (80.5 Gy EQD2)	94% at 2 yr 86% at 3 yr	38% at 2 yr 25% at 3 yr	2-yr 57% 3-yr 45%
Tsukuba (2009)[40]	51	A: 80% B: 20%	Median 2.8 (range, 0.8 to 9.3) ≤ 5: 88% > 5: 12%	NA	66.0/10 (91.3 Gy EQD2)	95% at 3 yr 88% at 5 yr	NA	3-yr 49% 5-yr 39%
Tsukuba (2009)[41]	318	A: 74% B: 24% C: 2%	NA	14%	66.0/10 (91.3 Gy EQD2): 32.7% 72.6/22 (80.5 Gy EQD2): 26.7% 77.0/35 (78.3 Gy EQD2): 20.8%	NA	NA	3-yr 65% 5-yr 45%
Tsukuba (2011)[42]	47	A: 75% B: 19% C: 6%	NA	15%	72.6/22 (80.5 Gy EQD2): 34.0% 77.0/35 (78.3 Gy EQD2): 27.7%	88% at 3 yr 88% at 4 yr	IHRFS 1-yr 66% 3-yr 40% 4-yr 17%	3-yr 50% 4-yr 34%
Loma Linda (2011)[43]	76	A: 29% B: 47% C: 24%	Mean 5.5 ≤ 2: 7% > 2 - < 5: 45% ≥ 5 - < 10: 43% ≥ 10: 5%	5%	63.0/15 (74.6 Gy EQD2)	70% at 3 yr	80%	Median 36 mo
NCC (2015)[45]	27	A: 89% B: 11%	≤ 5: 81% > 5: 19%	NA	60.0/20 (65.0 Gy EQD2): 29.6% 66.0/22 (71.5 Gy EQD2): 25.9% 72.0/24 (78.0 Gy EQD2): 44.4%	80% at 3 yr 64% at 5 yr	3-yr 17% 5-yr 0	3-yr 56% 5-yr 42%
Multiple United States institutions (2016)[25]	44	A: 73% B: 20% NA: 7%	Median 5.0 (range, 1.9 to 12.0)	30%	Median 58.05/15 (67.1 Gy EQD2) (range, 15.1-67.5/15)	95% at 2 yr	1-yr 56% 2-yr 40%	1-yr 77% 2-yr 63%

CTP: Child-Turcotte-Pugh; PVTT: Portal vein tumor thrombosis; RT: Radiation therapy; GyE: Gy equivalent; LC: Local control; PFS: Progression free survival; OS: Overall survival; EQD2: Equivalent dose in 2 Gy; NA: Not applicable; NCC: National Cancer Center in South Korea.