Retrospective Cohort Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2018.
World J Gastroenterol. Mar 21, 2018; 24(11): 1216-1227
Published online Mar 21, 2018. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i11.1216
Table 1 Characteristics of hepatitis B testers in the British Columbia Hepatitis Testers Cohort by hepatitis B diagnosis, 1990-2015 n (%)
HBV positive
HBV negative
AcuteChronicAll positiveP value
n = 2015n = 44483n = 46498n = 1011558
Sex
Female590 (29.3)20094 (45.2)20684 (44.5)563440 (55.7)0.000
Male1425 (70.7)24387 (54.8)25812 (55.5)448072 (44.3)
Unknown0 (0.0)2 (0.0)2 (0.0)44 (0.0)
Birth Cohort
< 1945204 (10.1)5385 (12.1)5589 (12.0)103498 (10.2)0.000
1945-19641001 (49.7)20316 (45.7)21317 (45.8)297768 (29.4)
1965-1974577 (28.6)9852 (22.1)10429 (22.4)199121 (19.7)
> 1974233 (11.6)8930 (20.1)9163 (19.7)411171 (40.6)
Age group at HBV diagnosis (yr)
< 25306 (15.2)5163 (11.6)5469 (11.8)137379 (13.6)0.000
25-34653 (32.4)9963 (22.4)10616 (22.8)264809 (26.2)
35-44552 (27.4)11835 (26.6)12387 (26.6)220745 (21.8)
45-54317 (15.7)9202 (20.7)9519 (20.5)165884 (16.4)
55-64115 (5.7)4954 (11.1)5069 (10.9)117550 (11.6)
> 6472 (3.6)3366 (7.6)3438 (7.4)105191 (10.4)
Median [IQR]35 [28-45]41 [31-51]40 [31-50]39 [29-53]0.000
Year of HBV diagnosis
1990-19991388 (68.9)14068 (31.6)15456 (33.2)47343 (4.7)0.000
2000-2004362 (18.0)11246 (25.3)11608 (25.0)126715 (12.5)
2005-2009196 (9.7)8968 (20.2)9164 (19.7)219195 (21.7)
2010-201569 (3.4)10201 (22.9)10270 (22.1)618305 (61.1)
Ethnicity
East Asian278 (13.8)26578 (59.7)26856 (57.8)139306 (13.8)0.000
Other35 (1.7)1651 (3.7)1686 (3.6)41452 (4.1)
South Asian125 (6.2)1420 (3.2)1545 (3.3)83200 (8.2)
White1577 (78.3)14834 (33.3)16411 (35.3)747600 (73.9)
HCV
Negative1296 (64.3)39575 (89.0)40871 (87.9)964780 (95.4)0.000
Positive719 (35.7)4908 (11.0)5627 (12.1)46778 (4.6)
HIV
Negative1888 (93.7)43370 (97.5)45258 (97.3)1006511 (99.5)0.000
Positive127 (6.3)1113 (2.5)1240 (2.7)5047 (0.5)
HCV and HIV
Positive82 (4.1)712 (1.6)794 (1.7)1768 (0.2)0.000
Active tuberculosis
Negative2004 (99.5)44101 (99.1)46105 (99.2)1008555 (99.7)0.000
Positive11 (0.5)382 (0.9)393 (0.8)3003 (0.3)
Problematic alcohol use
No1807 (89.7)42544 (95.6)44531 (95.8)959326 (94.8)0.000
Yes208 (10.3)1939 (4.4)2147 (4.6)52232 (5.2)
Illicit drug use
No1617 (80.2)41558 (93.4)43175 (92.9)944910 (93.4)0.000
Yes398 (19.8)2925 (6.6)3323 (7.1)66648 (6.6)
Injection drug use
No1718 (85.3)42040 (94.5)43758 (94.1)960849 (95.0)0.000
Yes297 (14.7)2443 (5.5)2740 (5.9)50709 (5.0)
Major mental illness
No1788 (88.7)41410 (93.1)43198 (92.9)874387 (86.4)0.000
Yes227 (11.3)3073 (6.9)3300 (7.1)137171 (13.6)
Material deprivation quintile
Q1 (most privileged)320 (15.9)7076 (15.9)7396 (15.9)228694 (22.6)0.000
Q2303 (15.0)6753 (15.2)7056 (15.2)189225 (18.7)
Q3320 (15.9)7797 (17.5)8117 (17.5)189823 (18.8)
Q4425 (21.1)9564 (21.5)9989 (21.5)198263 (19.6)
Q5 (most deprived)585 (29.0)12226 (27.5)12811 (27.6)185193 (18.3)
Unknown62 (3.1)1067 (2.4)1129 (2.4)20360 (2.0)
Social deprivation quintile
Q1 (most privileged)247 (12.3)9952 (22.4)10199 (21.9)184233 (18.2)0.000
Q2267 (13.3)9032 (20.3)9299 (20.0)180059 (17.8)
Q3314 (15.6)7574 (17.0)7888 (17.0)173461 (17.1)
Q4383 (19.0)7336 (16.5)7719 (16.6)199229 (19.7)
Q5 (most deprived)742 (36.8)9522 (21.4)10264 (22.1)254216 (25.1)
Unknown62 (3.1)1067 (2.4)1129 (2.4)20360 (2.0)
Table 2 Multivariable multinomial regression model for factors associated with acute or chronic hepatitis B virus in the British Columbia Hepatitis Testers Cohort, 1990-2015
Adjusted OR (95%CI)
Acute HBVChronic HBV
Sex
Male2.28 (2.06-2.52)1.43 (1.40-1.46)
Female1.001.00
Age at HBV diagnosis (yr)
< 252.38 (1.97-2.87)0.89 (0.85-0.92)
25-342.62 (2.21-3.09)1.09 (1.05-1.13)
35-441.82 (1.53-2.16)1.19 (1.15-1.23)
45-541.49 (1.23-1.79)1.22 (1.18-1.27)
55 +1.001.00
Ethnicity
East Asian1.76 (1.53-2.02)12.45 (12.15-12.77)
Other0.88 (0.63-1.24)3.06 (2.90-3.23)
South Asian1.66 (1.37-2.02)1.26 (1.19-1.33)
White1.001.00
HCV
Positive5.23 (4.65-5.87)2.89 (2.77-3.01)
Negative1.001.00
HIV
Positive5.29 (4.30-6.51)5.73 (5.29-6.20)
Negative1.001.00
Active tuberculosis
Yes0.59 (0.32-1.09)0.97 (0.85-1.10)
No1.001.00
Problematic alcohol use
Yes0.87 (0.74-1.04)1.02 (0.96-1.08)
No1.001.00
Injection drug use
Yes1.84 (1.57-2.17)1.67 (1.58-1.77)
No1.001.00
Major mental illness
Yes0.73 (0.62-0.85)0.74 (0.71-0.78)
No1.001.00
Material deprivation quintile
Q1 (most privileged)1.001.00
Q2-41.06 (0.94 -1.21)1.10 (1.06-1.13)
Q5 (most deprived)1.35 (1.17 -1.55)1.35 (1.30-1.39)
Social deprivation quintile
Q1 (most privileged)1.001.00
Q2-41.20 (1.04-1.39)0.97 (0.95-1.00)
Q5 (most deprived)1.56 (1.34-1.82)1.00 (0.97-1.03)
Year of HBV diagnosis
1990-19991.001.00
2000-20040.10 (0.09-0.12)0.27 (0.26-0.28)
2005-20090.03 (0.03-0.04)0.14 (0.13-0.14)
2010-20150.00 (0.00-0.01)0.05 (0.05-0.06)
Table 3 Multivariable multinomial regression model (with interaction terms) for factors associated with acute or chronic hepatitis B virus in the British Columbia Hepatitis Testers Cohort, 1990-2015
Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Acute HBVChronic HBV
Sex
Male2.30 (2.08-2.54)1.43 (1.4-1.46)
Female1.001.00
HCV
Positive5.22 (4.65-5.86)2.88 (2.77-3.00)
Negative1.001.00
HIV
Positive5.25 (4.26-6.47)5.75 (5.31-6.22)
Negative1.001.00
Active tuberculosis
Yes0.58 (0.31-1.08)0.97 (0.86-1.10)
No1.001.00
Problematic alcohol use
Yes0.90 (0.75-1.07)1.01 (0.95-1.07)
No1.001.00
Major mental illness
Yes0.72 (0.61-0.84)0.75 (0.71-0.78)
No1.001.00
Social deprivation quintile
Q2-Q41.21 (1.05-1.40)0.97 (0.94-1.00)
Q5 (most deprived)1.58 (1.36-1.84)0.99 (0.96-1.03)
Q1 (most privileged)1.001.00
IDU*Age at HBV diagnosis (yr)
IDU* < 257.55 (5.13-11.10)1.43 (1.18-1.73)
IDU*25-345.32 (4.08-6.94)1.72 (1.55-1.91)
IDU*35-442.98 (2.26-3.93)1.87 (1.71-2.05)
IDU*45-541.77 (1.19-2.62)2.06 (1.87-2.28)
IDU*55+1.56 (0.78-3.10)2.34 (2.05-2.65)
No IDU* < 252.23 (1.84-2.71)0.90 (0.86-0.93)
No IDU*25-342.53 (2.13-3.01)1.11 (1.07-1.15)
No IDU*35-441.84 (1.54-2.19)1.21 (1.17-1.25)
No IDU*45-541.57 (1.30-1.90)1.24 (1.20-1.28)
No IDU*55+1.001.00
Ethnicity*Material Deprivation quintile
East Asian*Material deprivation Q2-Q41.71 (1.37-2.12)13.39 (12.82-13.98)
East Asian*Material deprivation Q52.61 (2.06-3.32)15.98 (15.23-16.77)
East Asian*Material deprivation Q12.05 (1.49-2.81)11.69 (11.07-12.33)
Other*Material deprivation Q2-Q40.97 (0.60-1.57)3.32 (3.07-3.60)
Other*Material deprivation Q51.15 (0.59-2.26)4.23 (3.78-4.74)
Other*Material deprivation Q10.89 (0.44-1.81)2.62 (2.32-2.95)
South Asian*Material deprivation Q2-Q41.81 (1.35-2.42)1.42 (1.30-1.54)
South Asian*Material deprivation Q52.44 (1.81-3.30)1.41 (1.28-1.56)
South Asian*Material deprivation Q11.02 (0.48-2.19)1.55 (1.32-1.82)
White*Material deprivation Q2-Q41.08 (0.94-1.25)1.03 (0.98-1.08)
White*Material deprivation Q51.33 (1.13-1.56)1.36 (1.29-1.43)
White*Material deprivation Q11.001.00
Year of HBV diagnosis
1990-19991.001.00
2000-20040.10 (0.09-0.12)0.27 (0.26-0.28)
2005-20090.03 (0.03-0.04)0.14 (0.13-0.14)
2010-20150.00 (0.00-0.01)0.05 (0.05-0.06)