Case Control Study
Copyright
©The Author(s) 2017. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Gastroenterol. Apr 14, 2017; 23(14): 2527-2538
Published online Apr 14, 2017. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i14.2527
Table 1 Classification of vegetables and fruits according to type and color group1
Color group Vegetables and fruits type Vegetables and fruits item Green (23.2%)2 Dark green leafy vegetables (27.1%)3 Water dropwort, mugwort, crown daisy, spinach, perilla leaf, chicory, kale, pumpkin leaf, leak beet Lettuces (10.6%) Lettuce Other green fruits and vegetables (62.3%) Melon, zucchini, green cucumber, green pepper, cabbages, broccoli, celery Orange/yellow (17.5%) Citrus fruits (57.5%) Citrus fruits juices, orange, mandarin orange, kumquat Other orange/yellow fruits and vegetables (42.5%) Carrot, pumpkin, peach, persimmon, ginger Red/purple (19.0%) Berries (38.3%) Strawberry , grape Other red fruits and vegetables (61.7%) Watermelon, tomato, red cabbage, red pepper, plum White (40.3%) Allium family bulbs (15.1%) Garlic, leek, onion Hard fruits (41.8%) Apple, pear Cauliflower (13.4%) Asian radish Other white fruits and vegetables (29.7%) Oriental melon, mushroom, banana, deodeok, burdock, lotus root, balloon flower root
Table 2 General characteristics of the study subjects n (%)
Variable Male (n = 1875) P value1 Female (n = 894) P value1 Case Control Case Control (n = 625) (n = 1250) (n = 298) (n = 596) Age group (yr) 0.997 0.994 -49 128 (20.5) 258 (20.6) 82 (27.5) 166 (27.9) 50-59 227 (36.3) 453 (36.2) 111 (37.3) 221 (37.1) 60+ 270 (43.2) 539 (43.1) 105 (35.2) 209 (35.1) Missing 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Marital status < 0.001 < 0.001 Married 557 (89.1) 1162 (93.0) 216 (73.0) 493 (83.4) Single 66 (10.6) 72 (5.8) 80 (27.0) 98 (16.6) Missing 2 (0.3) 16 (1.3) 2 (0.7) 5 (0.8) Education level < 0.001 < 0.001 Under middle school 183 (29.3) 175 (14.0) 138 (46.3) 106 (18.1) High school 266 (42.6) 329 (26.3) 103 (34.6) 258 (44.0) College or more 176 (28.2) 712 (57.0) 57 (19.1) 223 (38.0) Missing 0 (0.0) 34 (2.7) 0 (0.0) 9 (1.5) Income (10000won/mo) < 0.001 < 0.001 < 200 222 (35.5) 254 (20.3) 99 (33.2) 134 (25.0) 200-400 253 (40.5) 534 (42.7) 134 (45.0) 218 (40.7) > 400 150 (24.0) 363 (29.0) 65 (21.8) 184 (34.3) Missing 0 (0.0) 99 (7.9) 0 (0.0) 60 (10.1) Body mass index (kg/m2 ) < 0.001 0.270 < 25 432 (69.1) 734 (58.7) 207 (69.5) 435 (73.0) ≥ 25 192 (30.7) 516 (41.3) 91 (30.5) 161 (27.0) Missing 1 (0.2) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Smoking status 0.076 < 0.001 Non-smoker 145 (23.2) 245 (19.6) 264 (88.6) 571 (95.8) Ex-smoker 303 (48.5) 671 (53.7) 15 (5.0) 16 (2.7) Current smoker 177 (28.3) 334 (26.7) 19 (6.4) 9 (1.5) Missing 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Alcohol consumption < 0.001 0.186 Non-drinker 107 (17.1) 199 (15.9) 172 (57.7) 362 (60.7) Ex-drinker 103 (16.5) 136 (10.9) 26 (8.7) 33 (5.5) Current drinker 415 (66.4) 915 (73.2) 100 (33.6) 201 (33.7) Missing 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Regular exercise < 0.001 < 0.001 No 387 (61.9) 490 (39.2) 225 (75.5) 262 (44.0) Yes 238 (38.1) 715 (57.2) 73 (24.5) 333 (56.0) Missing 0 (0.0) 45 (3.6) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.2) Family history of cancer 0.002 0.141 No 392 (62.7) 686 (54.9) 171 (57.4) 311 (52.2) Yes 233 (37.3) 560 (44.8) 127 (42.6) 285 (47.8) Missing 0 (0.0) 4 (0.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Family history of colorectal cancer < 0.001 0.926 No 560 (89.6) 1188 (95.0) 277 (93.0) 555 (93.1) Yes 65 (10.4) 58 (4.6) 21 (7.1) 41 (6.9) Missing 0 (0.0) 4 (0.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
Table 3 Intake of vegetables and fruits between cases and controls
Total energy adjusted intake (g/d), mean ± SD Male (n = 1875) Female (n = 894) Case (n = 625) Control (n = 1250) Case (n = 298) Control (n = 596) Total energy intake (kcal/d) 2127.7 ± 509.1 1731.6 ± 545.8 1814.4 ± 523.5 1604.6 ± 577.4 Total vegetables and fruits 279.4 ± 155.7 350.2 ± 236.7 343.1 ± 192.8 470.7 ± 383.4 Total vegetables 148.5 ± 77.3 186.7 ± 126.2 155.8 ± 85.4 205.3 ± 138.2 Total fruits 125.0 ± 115.3 174.5 ± 197.8 185.9 ± 152.1 271.7 ± 230.0 Green vegetables and fruits 64.8 ± 38.0 86.2 ± 69.6 72.7 ± 52.1 105.5 ± 84.5 Orange/yellow vegetables and fruits 49.4 ± 45.4 54.2 ± 66.8 75.4 ± 71.2 95.2 ± 97.7 Orange/yellow vegetable 10.1 ± 12.1 9.3 ± 17.0 13.0 ± 16.3 11.7 ± 23.1 Orange/yellow fruits 37.7 ± 46.2 57.0 ± 109.1 65.0 ± 84.7 94.7 ± 117.0 White vegetables and fruits 105.9 ± 65.4 149.8 ± 120.4 128.8 ± 100.3 186.2 ± 135.0 Red/purple vegetables and fruits 55.2 ± 65.9 66.1 ± 88.8 66.0 ± 62.6 89.1 ± 89.8 Red meat 56.0 ± 36.2 64.4 ± 41.9 40.9 ± 26.9 43.7 ± 28.7 Processed meat 0.5 ± 1.8 3.5 ± 25.1 1.9 ± 13.8 1.7 ± 6.1
Table 4 Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for colorectal cancer risk in relation to intake of vegetables and fruits
Total energy adjusted vegetables and fruits intake Male (n = 1875) Female (n = 894) Total (n = 2769) Controls Age-adjusted Multivariate Controls Age-adjusted Multivariate Controls Age-adjusted Multivariate /cases (n ) OR (95%CI) OR1 (95%CI) /cases (n ) OR (95%CI) OR1 (95%CI) /cases (n ) OR (95%CI) OR1 (95%CI) Total vegetables and fruits (g/d) T1 (< 224.2) 417/275 1.00 1.00 T1 (< 317.7) 199/166 1.00 1.00 616/441 1.00 1.00 T2 (224.2-< 380.0) 416/230 0.83 (0.67-1.04) 0.94 (0.74-1.21) T2 (317.7- < 534.8) 199/91 0.55 (0.39-0.75) 0.60 (0.42-0.85) 615//321 0.72 (0.60-0.87) 0.81 (0.67-0.99) T3 (≥ 380.0) 417/120 0.43 (0.34-0.56) 0.60 (0.45-0.79) T3 (≥ 534.8) 198/41 0.25 (0.17-0.37) 0.32 (0.21-0.48) 615/161 0.36 (0.29-0.45) 0.50 (0.40-0.63) P for trend2 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 Total vegetables (g/d) T1 (< 123.0) 416/256 1.00 1.00 T1 (< 135.9) 198/143 1.00 1.00 614/399 1.00 1.00 T2 (123.0-< 203.6) 418/270 1.05 (0.84-1.30) 1.19 (0.93-1.52) T2 (135.9- < 219.1) 200/110 0.76 (0.55-1.04) 0.89 (0.62-1.26) 618/380 0.94 (0.79-1.13) 1.05 (0.86-1.28) T3 (≥ 203.6) 416/99 0.38 (0.29-0.50) 0.48 (0.36-0.64) T3 (≥ 219.1) 198/45 0.31 (0.21-0.46) 0.37 (0.24-0.57) 614/114 0.36 (0.29-0.45) 0.43 (0.34-0.55) P for trend< 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 Total fruits (g/d) T1 (< 68.3) 416/224 1.00 1.00 T1 (< 135.0) 198/129 1.00 1.00 614/353 1.00 1.00 T2 (68.3-< 178.1) 418/265 1.18 (0.94-1.47) 1.36 (1.06-1.74) T2 (135.0- < 307.1) 199/124 0.96 (0.70-1.31) 1.03 (0.73-1.46) 617/389 1.09 (0.91-1.31) 1.21 (1.00-1.48) T3 (≥ 178.1) 416/136 0.61 (0.47-0.78) 0.77 (0.58-1.02) T3 (≥ 307.1) 199/45 0.35 (0.23-0.51) 0.41 (0.27-0.63) 615/181 0.51 (0.41-0.63) 0.67 (0.53-0.84) P for trend< 0.001 0.017 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 Green vegetables and fruits (g/d) T1 (< 48.8) 417/238 1.00 1.00 T1 (< 61.0) 199/151 1.00 1.00 616/389 1.00 1.00 T2 (48.8-< 93.6) 417/280 1.17 (0.94-1.46) 1.21 (0.94-1.54) T2 (61.0-< 114.2) 198/115 0.76 (0.56-1.04) 0.89 (0.63-1.27) 615/395 1.01 (0.84-1.21) 1.06 (0.87-1.30) T3 (≥ 93.6) 416/107 0.45 (0.34-0.58) 0.49 (0.36-0.65) T3 (≥ 114.2) 199/32 0.21 (0.14-0.32) 0.25 (0.16-0.40) 615/139 0.35 (0.28-0.44) 0.39 (0.31-0.50) P for trend< 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 Red/purple vegetables and fruits (g/d) T1 (< 22.1) 416/191 1.00 1.00 T1 (< 39.5) 199/112 1.00 1.00 615/303 1.00 1.00 T2 (22.1- < 62.2) 417/266 1.39 (1.10-1.75) 1.63 (1.26-2.11) T2 (39.5-< 98.5) 199/121 1.08 (0.78-1.49) 1.21 (0.84-1.73) 616/387 1.27 (1.06-1.54) 1.46 (1.19-1.79) T3 (≥ 62.2) 417/168 0.88 (0.68-1.12) 1.10 (0.83-1.44) T3 (≥ 98.5) 198/65 0.58 (0.41-0.84) 0.66 (0.44-0.99) 615/233 0.77 (0.63-0.94) 0.96 (0.77-1.20) P for trend0.042 0.706 0.002 0.027 < 0.001 0.033 Orange /yellow vegetables and fruits (g/d) T1 (< 21.1) 416/162 1.00 1.00 T1 (< 40.7) 199/89 1.00 1.00 615/251 1.00 1.00 T2 (21.1- < 54.0) 417/264 1.63 (1.28-2.07) 1.91 (1.47-2.49) T2 (40.7- < 100.6) 198/140 1.58 (1.14-2.20) 1.77 (1.23-2.56) 615/404 1.61 (1.33-1.95) 1.78 (1.45-2.20) T3 (≥ 54.0) 417/199 1.23 (0.96-1.58) 1.61 (1.22-2.12) T3 (≥ 100.6) 199/69 0.77 (0.53-1.12) 0.85 (0.56-1.27) 616/268 1.07 (0.87-1.31) 1.33 (1.06-1.66) P for trend0.618 0.021 0.051 0.163 0.286 0.576 Orange /yellow fruits (g/d) T1 (< 15.9) 416/230 1.00 1.00 T1 (< 32.5) 199/105 1.00 1.00 615/335 1.00 1.00 T2 (15.9- < 47.9) 417/230 1.00 (0.79-1.25) 1.17 (0.91-1.51) T2 (32.5- < 90.6) 198/130 1.24 (0.90-1.72) 1.43 (1.00-2.06) 616/360 1.07 (0.89-1.29) 1.20 (0.98-1.47) T3 (≥ 47.9) 417/165 0.72 (0.56-0.91) 0.98 (0.75-1.28) T3 (≥ 90.6) 199/63 0.60 (0.42-0.87) 0.64 (0.43-0.97) 615/228 0.68 (0.56-0.83) 0.85 (0.69-1.06) P for trend0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 < 0.001 < 0.001 Orange /yellow vegetable (g/d) T1 (< 2.7) 416/144 1.00 1.00 T1 (< 3.2) 198/77 1.00 1.00 614/221 1.00 1.00 T2 (2.7- < 7.7) 417/188 1.30 (1.01-1.68) 1.47 (1.11-1.95) T2 (3.2- < 9.1) 200/69 0.89 (0.61-1.30) 1.14 (0.75-1.73) 617/257 1.16 (0.94-1.43) 1.30 (1.04-1.64) T3 (≥ 7.7) 417/293 2.09 (1.63-2.67) 2.41 (1.83-3.16) T3 (≥ 9.1) 198/152 2.01 (1.43-2.83) 2.28 (1.55-3.34) 615/445 2.06 (1.69-2.51) 2.19 (1.77-2.73) P for trend< 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 White vegetables and fruits (g/d) T1 (< 87.9) 416/301 1 1 T1 (< 109.9) 199/156 1 1 615/457 1 1 T2 (87.9- < 153.9) 418/219 0.72 (0.57-0.90) 0.84 (0.66-1.08) T2 (109.9- < 198.0) 199/99 0.63 (0.46-0.87) 0.78 (0.55-1.11) 617/318 0.69 (0.58-0.83) 0.8 (0.66-0.98) T3 (≥ 153.9) 416/105 0.34 (0.27-0.45) 0.47 (0.35-0.63) T3 (≥ 198.0) 198/43 0.28 (0.19-0.41) 0.34 (0.22-0.52) 614/148 0.32 (0.26-0.40) 0.43 (0.34-0.55) P for trend< 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001
Table 5 Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for colorectal cancer subsites in relation to intake of vegetables and fruits
Control Proximal colon No .Distal colon No .Rectum No .No .Age-adjusted OR (95%CI) Multivariate OR1 (95%CI) Age-adjusted OR (95%CI) Multivariate OR1 (95%CI) Age-adjusted OR (95%CI) Multivariate OR1 (95%CI) Men Total vegetables and fruits (g/d) T1 (< 224.2) 417 46 1.00 1.00 76 1.00 1.00 145 1.00 1.00 T2 (224.2- < 380.0) 416 45 0.97 (0.63-1.49) 1.08 (0.68-1.69) 73 0.95 (0.67-1.35) 1.10 (0.76-1.58) 107 0.74 (0.55-0.98) 0.82 (0.61-1.12) T3 (≥ 380.0) 417 22 0.47 (0.28-0.80) 0.63 (0.36-1.09) 29 0.38 (0.24-0.59) 0.50 (0.32-0.80) 68 0.47 (0.34-0.64) 0.67 (0.47-0.94) P for trend2 0.004 0.086 < 0.001 0.003 < 0.001 0.018 Total vegetables (g/d) T1 (< 123.0) 416 40 1.00 1.00 66 1.00 1.00 142 1.00 1.00 T2 (123.0-< 203.6) 418 46 1.13 (0.72-1.77) 1.26 (0.79-2.01) 88 1.32 (0.93-1.87) 1.50 (1.04-2.16) 130 0.91 (0.69-1.20) 1.05 (0.77-1.41) T3 (≥ 203.6) 416 27 0.67 (0.40-1.11) 0.80 (0.47-1.37) 24 0.36 (0.22-0.59) 0.44 (0.27-0.74) 48 0.34 (0.24-0.48) 0.43 (0.29-0.63) P for trend0.089 0.34 < 0.001 0.002 < 0.001 < 0.001 Total fruits (g/d) T1 (< 68.3) 416 37 1.00 1.00 69 1.00 1.00 113 1.00 1.00 T2 (68.3- < 178.1) 418 52 1.38 (0.89-2.16) 1.59 (1.01-2.52) 76 1.09 (0.76-1.55) 1.26 (0.88-1.83) 129 1.14 (0.85-1.52) 1.30 (0.96-1.78) T3 (≥ 178.1) 416 24 0.64 (0.38-1.09) 0.83 (0.47-1.44) 33 0.47 (0.31-0.74) 0.59 (0.38-0.94) 78 0.69 (0.50-0.95) 0.90 (0.63-1.27) P for trend0.035 0.269 < 0.001 0.01 0.008 0.318 Green vegetables and fruits (g/d) T1 (< 48.8) 417 39 1.00 1.00 64 1.00 1.00 129 1.00 1.00 T2 (48.8- < 93.6) 417 49 1.24 (0.80-1.94) 1.26 (0.79-1.99) 87 1.35 (0.95-1.92) 1.43 (0.99-2.07) 136 1.05 (0.80-1.39) 1.08 (0.79-1.46) T3 (≥ 93.6) 416 25 0.63 (0.38-1.07) 0.67 (0.39-1.16) 27 0.42 (0.26-0.67) 0.46 (0.28-0.74) 55 0.43 (0.30-0.60) 0.47 (0.32-0.68) P for trend0.048 0.092 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 Red/purple vegetables and fruits (g/d) T1 (< 22.1) 416 34 1.00 1.00 60 1.00 1.00 91 1.00 1.00 T2 (22.1- < 62.2) 417 48 1.40 (0.88-2.22) 1.63 (1.01-2.04) 73 1.21 (0.84-1.75) 1.39 (0.95-2.04) 138 1.52 (1.13-2.04) 1.84 (1.33-2.53) T3 (≥ 62.2) 417 31 0.90 (0.55-1.50) 1.12 (0.66-1.88) 45 0.75 (0.50-1.13) 0.92 (0.60-1.41) 91 1.00 (0.72-1.38) 1.28 (0.90-1.81) P for trend0.371 0.895 0.067 0.379 0.355 0.666 Orange/yellow vegetables and fruits (g/d) T1 (< 21.1) 416 28 1.00 1.00 47 1.00 1.00 86 1.00 1.00 T2 (21.1- < 54.0) 418 43 1.52 (0.93-2.50) 1.80 (1.08-3.01) 73 1.55 (1.05-2.29) 1.86 (1.24-2.80) 138 1.61 (1.19-2.18) 1.86 (1.34-2.59) T3 (≥ 54.0) 416 42 1.49 (0.90-2.45) 1.94 (1.16-3.27) 58 1.23 (0.82-1.85) 1.60 (1.04-2.46) 96 1.12 (0.81-1.55) 1.47 (1.04-2.09) P for trend0.217 0.03 0.683 0.121 0.837 0.178 Orange /yellow fruits (g/d) T1 (< 15.9) 416 38 1.00 1.00 69 1.00 1.00 120 1.00 1.00 T2 (15.9-< 47.9) 417 46 1.20 (0.77-1.89) 1.43 (0.90-2.27) 61 0.88 (0.61-1.27) 1.04 (0.71-1.52) 115 0.96 (0.72-1.28) 1.11 (0.82-1.52) T3 (≥ 47.9) 417 29 0.76 (0.46-1.25) 1.04 (0.62-1.75) 48 0.69 (0.47-1.02) 0.92 (0.61-1.38) 85 0.71 (0.52-0.96) 0.97 (0.69-1.36) P for trend0.155 0.849 0.065 0.625 0.02 0.724 Orange /yellow vegetable (g/d) T1 (< 2.7) 416 31 1.00 1.00 38 1.00 1.00 70 1.00 1.00 T2 (2.7-< 7.7) 417 27 0.87 (0.51-1.48) 1.01 (0.59-1.75) 55 1.44 (0.93-2.23) 1.68 (1.07-2.63) 101 1.44 (1.03-2.01) 1.64 (1.15-2.34) T3 (≥ 7.7) 417 55 1.79 (1.12-2.86) 2.15 (1.32-3.51) 85 2.28 (1.51-3.44) 2.72 (1.77-4.18) 149 2.19 (1.59-3.02) 2.51 (1.77-3.54) P for trend0.003 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 White vegetables and fruits (g/d) T1 (< 87.9) 416 51 1.00 1.00 87 1.00 1.00 156 1.00 1.00 T2 (87.9- < 153.9) 418 46 0.88 (0.58-1.35) 1.04 (0.67-1.61) 68 0.77 (0.54-1.09) 0.89 (0.62-1.28) 100 0.63 (0.48-0.84) 0.76 (0.55-1.03) T3 (≥ 153.9) 416 16 0.31 (0.17-0.55) 0.40 (0.22-0.73) 23 0.26 (0.16-0.42) 0.34 (0.21-0.56) 64 0.41 (0.29-0.56) 0.58 (0.41-0.83) P for trend< 0.001 0.003 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 0.002 Women Total vegetables and fruits (g/d) T1 (< 317.7) 199 29 1.00 1.00 64 1.00 1.00 70 1.00 1.00 T2 (317.7-< 534.8) 199 19 0.65 (0.35-1.20) 0.66 (0.35-1.25) 28 0.44 (0.27-0.71) 0.47 (0.28-0.79) 41 0.58 (0.38-0.90) 0.65 (0.41-1.03) T3 (≥ 534.8) 198 5 0.17 (0.07-0.45) 0.22 (0.08-0.58) 21 0.33 (0.19-0.56) 0.41 (0.23-0.71) 13 0.19 (0.10-0.35) 0.25 (0.13-0.47) P for trend< 0.001 0.002 < 0.001 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 Total vegetables (g/d) T1 (< 135.9) 198 26 1.00 1.00 51 1.00 1.00 61 1.00 1.00 T2 (135.9-< 219.1) 200 22 0.83 (0.45-1.51) 1.02 (0.53-1.95) 41 0.80 (0.50-1.26) 0.97 (0.59-1.57) 45 0.73 (0.47-1.12) 0.82 (0.52-1.31) T3 (≥ 219.1) 198 5 0.19 (0.07-0.50) 0.22 (0.08-0.61) 21 0.41 (0.29-0.71) 0.50 (0.28-0.89) 18 0.29 (0.17-0.51) 0.36 (0.20-0.65) P for trend< 0.001 0.003 0.001 0.018 < 0.001 < 0.001 Total fruits (g/d) T1 (< 135.0) 198 21 1.00 1.00 46 1.00 1.00 59 1.00 1.00 T2 (135.0-< 307.1) 199 27 1.29 (0.70-2.35) 1.37 (0.73-2.58) 46 1.00 (0.63-1.57) 1.05 (0.65-1.69) 48 0.81 (0.53-1.25) 0.88 (0.56-1.38) T3 (≥ 307.1) 199 5 0.24 (0.09-0.64) 0.27 (0.10-0.76) 21 0.45 (0.26-0.79) 0.52 (0.29-0.93) 17 0.29 (0.16-0.51) 0.35 (0.19-0.64) P for trend0.003 0.002 0.004 0.006 < 0.001 < 0.001 Green vegetables and fruits (g/d) T1 (< 61.0) 199 26 1.00 1.00 60 1.00 1.00 60 1.00 1.00 T2 (61.0- < 114.2) 198 23 0.87 (0.48-1.59) 1.03 (0.55-1.93) 39 0.65 (0.42-1.02) 0.78 (0.49-1.26) 51 0.85 (0.56-1.29) 0.98 (0.62-1.54) T3 (≥ 114.2) 199 4 0.15 (0.05-0.43) 0.18 (0.06-0.54) 14 0.23 (0.12-0.43) 0.28 (0.15-0.53) 13 0.21 (0.11-0.40) 0.26 (0.14-0.50) P for trend< 0.001 0.002 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 Red/purple vegetables and fruits (g/d) T1 (< 39.5) 199 20 1.00 1.00 41 1.00 1.00 47 1.00 1.00 T2 (39.5- < 98.5) 199 26 1.30 (0.70-2.41) 1.54 (0.81-2.95) 44 1.07 (0.67-1.71) 1.19 (0.72-1.95) 49 1.04 (0.67-1.63) 1.18 (0.73-1.89) T3 (≥ 98.5) 198 7 0.35 (0.15-0.85) 0.43 (0.17-1.06) 28 0.69 (0.41-1.15) 0.75 (0.43-1.30) 28 0.60 (0.36-1.00) 0.71 (0.41-1.21) P for trend0.013 0.052 0.118 0.232 0.035 0.157 Orange/yellow vegetables and fruits (g/d) T1 (< 40.7) 199 16 1.00 1.00 33 1.00 1.00 40 1.00 1.00 T2 (40.7- < 100.6) 198 22 1.38 (0.70-2.71) 1.58 (0.78-3.20) 50 1.52 (0.94-2.47) 1.72 (1.03-2.87) 62 1.56 (1.00-2.43) 1.74 (1.08-2.80) T3 (≥ 100.6) 199 15 0.93 (0.45-1.93) 1.05 (0.49-2.24) 30 0.91 (0.53-1.55) 0.98 (0.56-1.72) 22 0.55 (0.32-0.96) 0.61 (0.34-1.09) P for trend0.674 0.891 0.461 0.634 0.013 0.041 Orange/yellow fruits (g/d) T1 (< 32.5) 199 18 1.00 1.00 38 1.00 1.00 48 1.00 1.00 T2 (32.5- < 90.6) 199 22 1.22 (0.63-2.34) 1.44 (0.72-2.85) 47 1.24 (0.77-1.98) 1.43 (0.87-2.35) 56 1.17 (0.76-1.80) 1.35 (0.85-2.15) T3 (≥ 90.6) 198 13 0.72 (0.35-1.52) 0.79 (0.37-1.70) 28 0.74 (0.44-1.25) 0.77 (0.44-1.35) 20 0.42 (0.24-0.73) 0.44 (0.25-0.80) P for trend0.281 0.37 0.15 0.198 < 0.001 0.002 Orange/yellow vegetable (g/d) T1 (< 3.2) 198 13 1.00 1.00 27 1.00 1.00 34 1.00 1.00 T2 (3.2- < 9.1) 200 11 0.84 (0.37-1.91) 1.17 (0.49-2.75) 28 1.03 (0.59-1.81) 1.35 (0.75-2.46) 28 0.82 (0.48-1.40) 1.04 (0.59-1.84) T3 (≥ 9.1) 198 29 2.21 (1.11-4.40) 2.87 (1.36-6.03) 58 2.20 (1.33-3.64) 2.54 (1.48-4.36) 62 1.85 (1.16-2.95) 2.05 (1.24-3.40) P for trend0.005 0.002 < 0.001 < 0.001 0.001 0.002 White vegetables and fruits (g/d) T1 (< 109.9) 199 31 1.00 1.00 60 1.00 1.00 61 1.00 1.00 T2 (109.9- < 198.0) 199 15 0.49 (0.25-0.93) 0.59 (0.30-1.16) 36 0.60 (0.38-0.95) 0.75 (0.46-1.22) 45 0.74 (0.48-1.14) 0.93 (0.59-1.48) T3 (≥ 198.0) 198 7 0.22 (0.10-0.50) 0.25 (0.10-0.59) 17 0.28 (0.16-0.50) 0.35 (0.19-0.63) 18 0.30 (0.17-0.52) 0.37 (0.21-0.67) P for trend0.001 0.002 < 0.001 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001