Dysphagia after vertical sleeve gastrectomy: Evaluation of risk factors and assessment of endoscopic intervention

Table 1 Summary of the pre-operative demographics of 352 study subjects who underwent vertical sleeve gastrectomy

Characteristics	Value
Total patients (n)	352
Age (yr)
mean ± SD	47.0 ± 10.8
Range	19-75
Gender
Women	296 (84.1%)
Men	56 (15.9%)
Body mass index (kg/m2)
Mean	47.5 ± 8.2
Range	35-82
Race
African-American	277 (78.7%)
Caucasian	61 (17.3%)
Other	14 (4.0%)

Table 2 Summary of the statistical analyses of clinical characteristics of 352 study subjects after vertical sleeve gastrectomy n (%)

Characteristics	Dysphagia (n = 80)	No dysphagia (n = 272)	P value
Age	48.0 ± 11.0	46.7 ± 10.7	0.32
Body mass index (kg/m2)	47.8 ± 8.4	47.4 ± 8.3	0.72
Gender	n = 80	n = 272	0.19
Female	71 (88.8)	225 (82.7)
Male	9 (11.3)	47 (17.3)
Race	n = 80	n = 272	0.038
African-American	66 (82.5)	211 (77.6)
Caucasian	9 (11.3)	52 (19.1)
Asian	0 (0.0)	3 (1.1)
Hispanic	0 (0.0)	3 (1.1)
Others	5 (6.3)	3 (1.1)
Diabetes mellitus	n = 80	n = 272	0.006
Yes	36 (45.0)	78 (28.7)
No	44 (55.0)	194 (71.3)
Symptom of esophageal reflux	n = 80	n = 272	< 0.0001
Yes	55 (68.8)	44 (16.2)
No	25 (31.3)	228 (83.8)
Normal blood thiamine level	n = 42	n = 106	0.008
Yes	31 (73.8)	96 (90.6)
No	11 (26.2)	10 (9.4)
Normal vitamin B12 level	n = 45	n = 117	0.49
Yes	42 (93.3)	117 (95.9)
No	3 (6.7)	5 (4.1)
Normal serum folic acid level	n = 43	n = 119	0.46
Yes	42 (97.7)	118 (99.2)
No	1 (2.3)	1 (0.8)
Normal thyroid function test	n = 36	n = 83	0.003
Yes	28 (77.8)	80 (96.4)
No	8 (22.2)	3 (3.6)
Normal serum magnesium level	n = 20	n = 27	0.57
Yes	18 (90.0)	26 (96.3)
No	2 (10.0)	1 (3.7%)
NSAID use (6 wk follow up)	n = 80	n = 272	0.017
Yes	25 (31.3)	51 (18.8)
No	55 (68.8)	221 (81.3)
Opioid use (6 wk follow up)	n = 80	n = 272	0.05
Yes	15 (18.8)	29 (10.7)
No	65 (81.3)	243 (89.3)

NSAID: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

Table 3 Summary of odds ratio estimates using logistic regression analysis in individuals with and without dysphagia after vertical sleeve gastrectomy

Effect	Point estimate	95% Wald confidence limits
History of diabetes mellitus	2.035	1.218	3.399
Esophageal reflux symptoms	11.397	6.430	20.201
Low blood thiamine level	3.406	1.321	8.784
Low thyroid blood testing	7.619	1.888	30.740
NSAID use at 6 wk	1.970	1.122	3.456
Opioid use at 6 wk	2.183	1.093	4.361

NSAID: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.