Technical advances in external radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 1 The summary of the trials conducted using stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma

Study	Year	n	Dose/fraction (Gy/Fr)	Local control	Overall survival	Severe hepatic toxicity
Cárdenes et al[65]	2010	17	36–48 Gy/3 or 5 Fr	2-yr, 100%	2-yr, 60%	27% in CPC-B
Kwon et al[35]	2010	42	30–39 Gy/3 Fr	3-yr, 68%	3-yr, 59%	Gr ≥ 3, 2%
Andolino et al[5]	2011	60	40–48 Gy/3 or 5 Fr	2-yr, 90%	2-yr, 67%	Gr ≥ 3, 0%
Bujold et al[36]	2013	102	24–54 Gy/6 Fr	2-yr, 74%	2-yr, 34%	Gr ≥ 3, 17%
Kang et al[66]	2012	47	42–60 Gy/3 Fr	2-yr, 95%	2-yr, 69%	Gr ≥ 3, 19%
Yoon et al[67]	2013	93	30–60 Gy/3-4 Fr	3-yr, 92%	3-yr, 54%	Gr ≥ 3, 7%
Sanuki et al[68]	2014	185	35–40 Gy/5 Fr	3-yr, 91%	3-yr, 70%	Gr 5, 7% in CPC-B
Kimura et al[69]	2015	65	48 Gy/4 Fr	2-yr, 100%	2-yr, 76%	Gr ≥ 3, 23%
Wahl et al[37]	2016	63	27–60 Gy/3 or 5 Fr	2-yr, 84%	2-yr, 46%	Gr ≥ 3, 2%

CPC-B: Child-Pugh class B; Gr: Grade.

Table 2 The summary of trials conducted using charged particle therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma

Study	Year	Particle	n	Dose/fraction (Gy/fr)	Local control	Overall survival	Grade≥3 Liver toxicity
Nakayama et al[38], retrospective	2009	Proton	318	55–79.2 CGE/10–22 Fr	NA	5-yr, 45%	None
Komatsu et al[40], retrospective	2011	Proton	242	52.8–84 CGE/4–38 Fr	5-yr, 90%	5-yr, 38%	1%
		Carbon	101	52.8–76 CGE/4–20 Fr	5-yr, 93%	5-yr, 36%	3%
Hata et al[39], retrospective	2006	Proton	19	50–84 Gy/10–24 Fr	1 failure	2-yr, 42%	None
Bush et al[70], phase 2	2011	Proton	76	63 Gy/15 Fr	NA	3-yr, 60%1	None
Hong et al[42], phase 2	2016	Proton	44	58.05–67.5 CGE/15 Fr	2-yr, 95%	2-yr, 63%	2%
Bush et al[43], randomized	2016	Proton	33	70.2 Gy/15 Fr	2-yr, 88%	2-yr, 48%1	None

¹Progression-free survival. CGE: Cobalt gray equivalent; NA: Not available.