Copyright
©The Author(s) 2016.
World J Gastroenterol. Jan 21, 2016; 22(3): 1067-1077
Published online Jan 21, 2016. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i3.1067
Published online Jan 21, 2016. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i3.1067
Table 1 Factors released by endothelium
| Factors regulating vascular tension | Factors regulating angiogenesis and cells proliferation | Factors regulating coagulation and fibrinolysis | Factors regulating inflammatory process | ||||
| Vasodilating effect | Vasoconstricting effect | Inhibition of proliferation | Stimulation of proliferation | Anticoagulant effect | Prothrombotic effect | Anti-inflammatory effect | Proinflammatory effect |
| Adrenomedullin (ADM) | Angiotensin II (AT II) | Extracellular proteases inhibitors | Adenosine (Ado) | Antithrombin III (AT III) | ET-1 | NO | Adhesion molecules |
| Bradykinin (BK) | Endothelin-1 (ET-1) | NO | AT II | Heparan sulfate | PAF | PGI2 | Chemokines |
| C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) | Platelet-activating factor (PAF) | PGI2 | ET-1 | NO | Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) | Cytokines | |
| Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) | Prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) | Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) | Heparan sulfate | PGI2 | ROS | Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) | |
| Nitric oxide (NO) | Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) | Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) | Protein C (PC) | Tissue factor (TF) | |||
| Prostacyclin (PGI2) | Reactive oxygen species (ROS) | Interleukins (Il) | Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) | TXA2 | |||
| ROS | Tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) | Von Willebrand factor (VWF) | |||||
| Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) | Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) | ||||||
Table 2 Methods of endothelium dysfunction assessment
| Proteins activated by normal and activated endothelium | Cell-based methods |
| Angiopoietin-1 | Circulating angiogenic cells |
| Angiopoietin-2 | Endothelial progenitor cells |
| Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) | Endothelial microparticles |
| Disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif-13 (ADAMTS13) | |
| Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (CAM-1) | |
| Plasminogen-activator inhibitor (PAI-1) | |
| Selectins P and E | |
| Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) | |
| Thrombomodulin | |
| Vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) | |
| Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) | |
| von Willebrand factor (vWF) | |
| Non-invasive physical methods | |
| Carotis intima-media thickness (cIMT) | |
| Flow mediated dilatation (FMD) | |
| Pulse arterial tonometry (PAT) | |
| Pulse wave analysis (PWA) | |
| Pulse wave velocity (PWV) | |
| Reactive hyperaemia index (RHI) | |
- Citation: Cibor D, Domagala-Rodacka R, Rodacki T, Jurczyszyn A, Mach T, Owczarek D. Endothelial dysfunction in inflammatory bowel diseases: Pathogenesis, assessment and implications. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22(3): 1067-1077
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v22/i3/1067.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i3.1067