Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2016.
World J Gastroenterol. Jul 7, 2016; 22(25): 5780-5789
Published online Jul 7, 2016. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i25.5780
Table 1 Demographic and hospital data1
Percentχ2P value
Age (yr)< 0.001
0-90.9%
10-191.3%
20-292.6%
30-396.3%
40-4922.4%
50-5933.0%
60-6920.8%
70-7910.4%
80-892.3%
90-990.1%
Age > 7011.4%< 0.001
Sex< 0.001
Male63.2%
Female36.8%
Race< 0.001
White71.0%
Black6.0%
Hispanic16.1%
Asian/Pacific Islander2.0%
Native American0.9%
Other3.5%
Unknown0.4%
Primary payer< 0.001
Medicare31.4%
Medicaid21.4%
Private36.6%
Self-Pay5.6%
Income quartile by ZIP code< 0.001
(1) Quartile 128.3%
(2) Quartile 226.9%
(3) Quartile 324.5%
(4) Quartile 419.4%
Missing0.8%
Transfer status< 0.001
Transferred in from acute care hospital17.9%
Not transfer79.3%
Weekend admission status< 0.001
Admitted on weekend (1)17.0%
Not admitted on weekend (0)83.0%
Admission type< 0.001
Emergency46.1%
Urgent26.8%
Elective26.9%
Trauma center0.1%
Hospital type< 0.001
Teaching hospital74.9%
Non-Teaching hospital25.1%
Hospital bed size< 0.001
Small4.4%
Medium18.0%
Large77.6%
Hospital region< 0.001
Northeast17.8%
Midwest22.7%
South35.4%
West24.2%
Control of hospital< 0.001
Private, non-profit32.8%
Private, investor owned5.8%
Table 2 Diagnostic data1
Percentχ2P value
Diagnosis (ICD-9 code)
Portal hypertension (572.3)43.5%< 0.001
Ascites (789.5)30.9%
Esophageal variceal bleeding (456.20)28.9%
Other ascites (789.59)18.8%
Acute post-hemorrhagic anemia (285.1)18.3%
Diabetes, uncomplicated (250.00)17.8%
Hepatic encephalopathy (572.2)17.5%
Hypertension NOS (401.9)17.4%
Cirrhosis of liver NOS (571.5)16.1%
Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis (571.2)15.3%
Thrombocytopenia NOS (287.5)15.0%
Varices of other sites (456.8)13.7%
Acute kidney failure NOS (584.9)13.3%
Esophageal varices w/no bleeding (456.21)13.1%
Acute respiratory failure (518.81)12.8%
AHRQ comorbidity measure
AIDS0.7%< 0.001
CHF5.2%< 0.001
Coagulopathy35.7%< 0.001
Liver disease84.1%< 0.001
Lymphoma0.6%< 0.001
Fluid and electrolyte disorders36.8%< 0.001
Metastatic cancer1.3%< 0.001
Perivascular disease3.7%< 0.001
Pulmonary circulation disorders3.2%< 0.001
Renal failure13.6%< 0.001
Solid tumor without mets3.3%< 0.001
Valvular disease2.4%< 0.001
Weight loss14.0%< 0.001
Table 3 Demographic and hospital predictors of in-hospital death
OR: Death in Hospital95%CI: Lower95%CI: UpperP value
Demographic
Age (every 1 yr increase)1.0091.0081.011< 0.001
Age group (Reference: Age 50-59)
0-90.3540.2520.498< 0.001
10-190.5290.4170.672< 0.001
20-290.4270.3540.515< 0.001
30-391.0760.9861.1750.100
40-491.0851.0271.1470.004
50-59REFREFREFREF
60-691.1241.0631.189< 0.001
70-791.2481.1641.337< 0.001
80-891.3601.1971.546< 0.001
90-990.6660.2561.7330.405
Age > 70 (Ref: Age 0-70)1.2801.2061.359< 0.001
Gender (Reference: Female)
Male1.0721.0281.1180.001
FemaleREFREFREFREF
Race (Reference: Caucasian)
CaucasianREFREFREFREF
Black1.8091.6671.963< 0.001
Hispanic1.0430.9791.1110.195
Asian/Pacific Islander1.0640.9051.2500.452
Native American1.6961.3852.076< 0.001
Other1.4701.3141.644< 0.001
Unknown0.4010.2390.6750.001
Primary payer (Reference: Private)
Medicare1.1401.0851.199< 0.001
Medicaid1.1131.0521.177< 0.001
Self-Pay1.6101.4821.749< 0.001
PrivateREFREFREFREF
Income quartile by ZIP (Reference: 1st quartile)
1st quartileREFREFREFREF
2nd quartile0.9481.2102.4300.297
3rd quartile1.0380.8601.0500.467
4th quartile1.0120.9401.1500.830
Missing income data1.7140.9101.1300.002
Transfer status (Reference: Non-transfer)
Transferred in from different acute care hospital1.3471.2321.473< 0.001
Non-transferREFREFREFREF
Weekend admission status (Reference: Weekday)
Weekend admission1.4231.3501.500< 0.001
Weekday admissionREFREFREFREF
Admission type (Reference: Elective)
Emergency3.0322.8353.244< 0.001
Urgent2.2932.1292.470< 0.001
ElectiveREFREFREFREF
Trauma center4.5412.7727.440< 0.001
Hospital
Teaching hospital status (Reference: Non-teaching hospital)
Teaching Hospital1.1491.0861.717< 0.001
Non-Teaching HospitalREFREFREFREF
Hospital bed size (Reference: Large)
Small0.8580.7730.9530.004
Medium0.9400.8910.9920.025
LargeREFREFREFREF
Hospital region (Reference: West)
Northeast1.4491.3651.538< 0.001
Midwest0.9820.9251.0430.572
South0.9170.8680.9690.002
WestREFREFREFREF
Hospital control (Reference: Private, investor owned)
Private, Non-profit0.9850.8971.083< 0.001
Private, Investor ownedREFREFREFREF
Table 4 Diagnostic predictors of in-hospital death
OR: Death in Hospital95%CI: Lower95%CI: UpperP value
Number of diagnoses1.0951.0911.099< 0.000
Number of procedures1.2491.2421.256< 0.000
Diagnosis (Reference: No disease)
Portal hypertension (5723)0.6890.6600.7190.000
Ascites (7895)1.0200.9771.0660.369
Esophageal variceal bleeding (45620)2.1872.0982.2790.000
Other ascites (78959)0.7830.7410.8270.000
Acute post-hemorrhagic anemia (2851)2.0111.9202.1050.000
Diabetes, uncomplicated (25000)0.4740.4430.5060.000
Hepatic encephalopathy (5722)2.2172.1182.3220.000
Hypertension NOS (4019)0.5970.5610.6350.000
Cirrhosis of liver NOS (5715)0.8360.7890.8860.000
Alcoholic liver cirrhosis (5712)1.0791.0211.1410.007
Thrombocytopenia NOS (2875)1.0811.0221.1420.006
Varices of other sites (4568)0.7840.7360.8350.000
Acute kidney failure NOS (5849)4.3594.1624.5660.000
Esophageal varices w/no bleeding (45621)0.4450.4110.4810.000
Acute respiratory failure (51881)8.2467.8758.6340.000
AHRQ comorbidity measures (Reference: No disease)
AIDS1.5791.2162.0500.001
CHF1.4371.3001.587< 0.001
Coagulopathy2.0161.9182.119< 0.001
Liver disease1.0510.9811.1250.156
Lymphoma1.8421.4142.402< 0.001
Fluid and electrolyte disorders2.8232.6842.969< 0.001
Metastatic cancer1.4121.1671.708< 0.001
Perivascular disease1.5271.2921.806<0.001
Pulmonary circulation disorders1.4961.2491.792< 0.001
Renal failure1.0360.9331.1510.506
Solid tumor without mets1.4911.3221.681< 0.001
Valvular disease1.0670.9101.2520.424
Weight loss1.5951.4531.751< 0.001