Randomized Controlled Trial
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2015.
World J Gastroenterol. May 14, 2015; 21(18): 5677-5684
Published online May 14, 2015. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i18.5677
Table 1 Fructose-reduced diet (according to definition < 2 g fructose/meal)
Food itemIn moderationUse sparinglyAvoid
Fruit/berriesLemon, raspberries, blueberriesAll other types of fruit and berries
VegetablesMost vegetables, avocadoTomato puréeCarrots, legumes, boiled potatoes
Meat/fish/eggs100% ground beef and fish with no additivesCaviar, mackerel in tomato sauce
Anchovies and herring
Milk productsWhite/brown cheeses/cream and sour creamCheeses with fruit addedFruit yoghurt, ice cream and puddings
Grain productsBread, pasta, rice and white flourSweet bakery and cereals
MiscellaneousMargarine, oils, mayonnaise, nutsDressings, ketchupSweets, chocolates
DrinksWater, milk, tea, coffee, light soda and light fructose drinksLight orange juiceJuice, nectar, sodas and fructose drinks, milk with sugar or fructose added
Table 2 Demographic and baseline variables for patients included
All (77)SRFI neg. (34)SRFI pos. (43)P value
Age, yr (median range)43 (18-73)46 (19-73)43 (18-73)NS1
Female/male ratio (%)61/1625/936/7NS2
Abdominal pain/discomfort (mm)53(3-89)58 (3 89)50 (16-76)NS1
Bloating (mm)55 (20-84)58 (22-83)54 (20-84)NS1
Stool frequency [median (range)]1.5 (0-4)1.6 (1-4)1.5 (0-4)NS3
Boston scale stool consistency4.4 (1.9-6.0)4.6 (1.9-6.0)4.3 (2.6-5.9)NS1
Table 3 Pairwise comparisons of visual analog scale readings by ANOVA
SGA week 4Model: F = 30.5; P < 0.0005VAS difference, mean ± SEP valueSGA week 4Model: F = 32.6; P < 0.0005VAS difference, mean ± SEP value
VAS bloatingAdj R2 = 0.47VAS pain/discomfortAdj R2 = 0.46
Unchanged vsCompletely relieved46.1 ± 6.1< 0.0005Unchanged vsCompletely relieved41.1 ± 5.5< 0.0005
Considerably relieved23.5 ± 3.0< 0.0005Considerably relieved20.8 ± 2.7< 0.0005
Somewhat relieved7.6 ± 2.80.066Somewhat relieved5.9 ± 2.50.202
Worse-7.4 ± 3.30.275Worse-9.4 ± 3.00.024
Table 4 Testing new diagnostic criteria of self-reported fructose intolerance in irritable bowel syndrome (for definition, see text) against fructose breath test and response of subjective global assessment test
PredictiveSensitivitySpecificityPositive predictive valueNegative predictive valueKappa
FBT0.570.340.580.29-0.13
SGA weeks 3-410.790.750.820.710.53
SGA week 3-420.840.760.830.790.61