Prospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2015.
World J Gastroenterol. Mar 14, 2015; 21(10): 3020-3029
Published online Mar 14, 2015. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i10.3020
Table 1 Baseline clinical and laboratory characteristics of study population
All patients (n = 40)CP A (n = 18)CP B (n = 10)CP C (n = 12)P value1
Sex (M/F), n (%)35/5 (87.5/12.5)16/2 (88.9/11.1)9/1 (90/10)10/2 (83.3/16.7)0.870
Age, median years (range)59 (37-75)59.5 (43-75)60.5 (37-71)59 (45-70)0.838
Smoking, n (%)15 (37.5)7 (38.9)3 (30)5 (41.7)0.954
HCC, n (%)5 (12.5)1 (5.6)1 (10)3 (25)0.277
Hemoglobin (11.8-17 g/dL)12.35 (9.3-16.6)14.3 (9.8-16.6)12.75 (10.2-15.1)10.1 (9.3-13.2)0.002
WBC count (4 × 109/L-11 × 109/L)5.888 (3.2-15.18)6.66 (3.2-12.97)5.31 (4.1-8.97)5.66 (4.15-15.18)0.093
Platelet count (150 × 109/L-400 × 109/L)113 (81-246)148 (87-246)117.5 (70-198)127 (75-218)0.306
INR (1-1.3)1.28 (0.87-2.32)1.09 (0.87-1.59)1.2 (1.07-1.92)1.58 (1.24-2.32)0.001
PT (s)15.25 (9.8-24.8)11.9 (9.8-18.3)15.15 (12.2-17)18.6 (15.2-24.8)< 0.001
Total bilirubin (0.1-1.3 mg/dL)1.1 (0.28-8.6)0.72 (0.28-1.19)1.23 (0.85-3.5)2.4 (1.6-8.6)< 0.001
Albumin (3.5-5.5 g/dL)3.65 (0.9-4.6)4 (3.4-4.6)3.6 (2.6-4.3)2.8 (0.9-3.2)< 0.001
Creatinine (0.9-1.6 mg/dL)0.82 (0.68-1.8)0.88 (0.7-1.7)0.82 (0.7-1.4)0.8 (0.68-1.8)0.967
Urea (15-54 mg/dL)28 (16-110)28 (18-64)26.5 (21-47)29 (16-110)0.981
SGOT (5-40 U/L)36 (15-149)32.3 (15-48)59 (24-149)58 (18-128)0.017
SGPT (5-40 U/L)33 (8-156)32 (8-60)46 (23-156)32 (11-64)0.298
ALP (U/L)116 (37-303)104 (41-236)113.5 (75-244)123 (37-303)0.324
GGT (U/L)94 (12-328)82.5 (12-231)135 (61-328)108 (28-199)0.057
Glucose (75-115 mg/dL)99 (60-126)99 (71-126)105 (94-126)92 (60-118)0.170
Serum sodium (134-152 mmol/L)138 (129-146)140.8 (134.5-146)137.4 (135-141)135 (129-142)0.012
Cholesterol (mg/dL)146 (66-341)188.5 (130-341)133 (91-173)146 (66-168)0.041
Triglycerides (mg/dL)88.5 (43-142)106 (43-142)74.5 (47-139)76 (46-116)0.525
Child-Pugh score (range)7 (5-12)NANANANA
MELD score (range)10 (6-25)7 (6-16)11 (8-18)18 (13-25)< 0.001
Ascites, n (%)14 (35)04 (40)10 (83.3)< 0.001
Encephalopathy, n (%)2 (5)1 (5.6)01 (8.3)0.664
1P value: correlation of variables regarding different stages of liver disease. CP: Child-Pugh; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; WBC: White blood cells; INR: International normalized ratio; PT: Prothrombin time; SGOT: Aspartate aminotransferase; SGPT: Alanine aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl-transferase; MELD: Model for End-stage Liver Disease; BMI: Body mass index; NA: Not applicable.
Table 2 Baseline somatometric characteristics of study population
All patients (n = 40)CP A (n = 18)CP B (n = 10)CP C (n = 12)P value1
BMI (kg/m2) (range)25.89 (20.08-39.31)26.29 (21.34-30.52)27.39 (20.76-39.3)25.29 (20.08-35.64)0.449
BMI (kg/m2) (%)
18.5-24.933.321.44044.40.261
25-29.951.571.43044.4
> 3015.27.13011.1
Fat, % (range)23. 4 (7.6-42.1)24.3 (18.7-32.9)23 (16.3-38.5)19.9 (7.6-42.1)0.522
Fat mass, kg (range)17.81 (5.49-45.4)17.97 (10.73-29.02)14.62 (11.41-45.4)13.87 (5.5-35.74)0.454
FFM, kg (range)56.145 (39.56-74.4)54.475 (46.67-67.31)58.59 (48.89-74.4)55.83 (39.56-66.7)0.234
TBW, kg, (range)40.63 (29.83-58.82)40.875 (34.36-45.36)41.025 (30.52-58.82)39.01 (29.83-43.45)0.300
1P value: correlation of variables regarding different stages of liver disease. CP: Child-Pugh stage; BMI: Body mass index; FFM: Fat-free mass; TBW: Total body water.
Table 3 Association of adipokines with demographic, biochemical and anthropometric characteristics
LeptinAdiponectinResistinVisfatinRBP4Apelin
r (P value)r (P value)r (P value)r (P value)r (P value)r (P value)
Age (yr)-0.012 (0.94)0.206 (0.203)0.127 (0.434)-0.014 (0.933)0.178 (0.273)-0.059 (0.716)
Hemoglobin (g/dL)-0.299 (0.081)-0.055 (0.75)-0.138 (0.422)0.314 (0.066)0.582 (< 0.001)0.197 (0.249)
WBC count-0.268 (0.115)-0.077 (0.653)0.262 (0.117)-0.027 (0.875)0.195 (0.247)-0.021 (0.902)
Platelet count-0.298 (0.082)-0.097 (0.575)0.165 (0.337)-0.007 (0.966)0.238 (0.163)-0.006 (0.973)
INR0.349 (0.059)0.395 (0.028)-0.056 (0.767)0.185 (0.327)-0.493 (0.008)0.136 (0.466)
PT (s)0.387 (0.038)0.373 (0.043)0.055 (0.772)0.172 (0.373)-0.473 (0.005)0.024 (0.899)
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)-0.081 (0.648)0.403 (0.016)0.204 (0.24)-0.07 (0.694)-0.37 (0.029)-0.122 (0.484)
Albumin (g/dL)-0.424 (0.014)-0.179 (0.311)-0.115 (0.516)-0.215 (0.229)0.32 (0.065)0.132 (0.457)
Creatinine (mg/dL)0.271 (0.105)0.055 (0.741)0.241 (0.145)0.027 (0.872)0.251 (0.128)-0.177 (0.288)
Urea (mg/dL)0.263 (0.116)0.268 (0.103)0.147 (0.378)0.011 (0.948)0.149 (0.371)-0.158 (0.342)
SGOT (U/L)0.031 (0.859)0.589 (< 0.001)0.145 (0.392)0.177 (0.302)-0.169 (0.319)0.186 (0.269)
SGPT (U/L)0.186 (0.279)0.443 (0.006)-0.064 (0.707)0.18 (0.292)0.039 (0.817)0.248 (0.139)
ALP (U/L)0.072 (0.716)0.381 (0.04)0.069 (0.722)0.252 (0.196)-0.259 (0.175)-0.013 (0.946)
GGT (U/L)0.174 (0.358)-0.222 (0.231)0.083 (0.658)0.151 (0.424)0.292 (0.111)-0.028 (0.882)
Glucose (mg/dL)0.064 (0.723)-0.184 (0.298)-0.212 (0.228)0.131 (0.466)0.115 (0.516)-0.108 (0.543)
Serum sodium (mmol/L)-0.183 (0.299)-0.001 (0.997)-0.154 (0.376)0.078 (0.662)0.174 (0.316)0.211 (0.224)
Cholesterol (mg/dL)-0.159 (0.529)0.208 (0.392)-0.163 (0.505)-0.22 (0.38)0.036 (0.882)-0.131 (0.594)
Triglycerides (mg/dL)-0.421 (0.092)-0.365 (0.137)0.117 (0.645)-0.318 (0.213)0.401 (0.099)0.096 (0.706)
Height (cm)-0.76 (0.679)-0.357 (0.041)-0.083 (0.647)-0.269 (0.136)0.206 (0.25)0.02 (0.912)
Weight (kg)0.607 (P < 0.001)-0.03 (0.867)-0.019 (0.917)0.152 (0.405)0.306 (0.083)0.136 (0.45)
BMI (kg/m2)0.705 (< 0.001)0.163 (0.365)0.01 (0.956)0.304 (0.09)0.202 (0.26)0.149 (0.408)
Fat, %0.783 (< 0.001)0.186 (0.325)-0.074 (0.696)0.391 (0.036)0.261 (0.164)0.211 (0.263)
Fat mass, kg0.794 (P < 0.001)0.112 (0.556)-0.071 (0.708)0.41 (0.027)0.333 (0.072)0.22 (0.243)
FFM, kg0.136 (0.472)-0.1 (0.6)-0.063 (0.743)0.001 (0.998)0.153 (0.42)0.102 (0.592)
TBW, kg0.312 (0.082)-0.198 (0.27)0.083 (0.648)-0.004 (0.981)0.389 (0.025)0.1 (0.58)
RBP4: Retinol-binding protein 4; WBC: White blood cells; INR: International normalized ratio; PT: Prothrombin time; SGOT: Aspartate aminotransferase; SGPT: Alanine aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl-transferase; FFM: Fat-free mass; BMI: Body mass index; TBW: Total body water.
Table 4 Serum levels of adipokines in study population
All patients (n = 40)CP A (n = 18)CP B (n = 10)CP C (n = 12)P value1
Leptin, ng/mL (range)6.22 (1.04-53.87)6.64 (1.43-30.75)8.68 (3.07-53.87)3.11 (1.04-42.53)0.396
Adiponectin, μg/mL (range)10.23 (2.13-77.75)7.99 (2.13-47.67)7.66 (4.9-76.85)25.73 (3.48-77.75)0.040
Resistin, ng/mL (range)0.78 (0.43-1.07)0.82 (0.43-1.03)0.74 (0.47-1.004)0.88 (0.52-1.07)0.460
Visfatin, ng/mL (range)4.5 (0.1-109)3.74 (0.1-100)12.32 (0.1-100)4.5 (0.1-109)0.536
Apelin, ng/mL (range)5.595 (1.53-9.74)5.83 (2.23-9.27)6.94 (2.43-9.74)3.97 (1.53-6.74)0.034
RBP4, μg/mL (range)5.12 (1.88-13.04)6.48 (2.6-13.04)6.56 (3.9-12.12)2.89 (1.94-9.42)0.006
1P value: Correlation of variables regarding different stages of liver disease. CP: Child-Pugh stage; RBP4: Retinol-binding protein 4.
Table 5 Serum levels of adipokines in patients with and without ascites
Patients with ascites (n = 14)Patients without ascites (n = 26)P value
Leptin (range)3.54 (1.04-42.53)7.41 (1.43-53.87)0.356
Adiponectin (range)21.08 (4.06-77.75)7.14 (2.125-72.8)0.008
Resistin (range)0.79 (0.47-1.06)0.78 (0.43-1.07)0.799
Visfatin (range)10.4 (0.1-109)4.01 (0.1-100)0.219
Apelin (range)4.01 (1.53-7.5)6.09 (2.23-9.74)0.089
RBP4 (range)3.04 (1.88-8.6)6.69 (2.6-13.04)0.001
RBP4: Retinol-binding protein 4.