Interferon therapy in hepatitis C leading to chronic type 1 diabetes

Table 1 Clinical and laboratory characteristics of 107 patients with interferon-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus n (%)

Variable	Caucasiann = 20	Japanesen = 87
Age (range), yr	43 (24-66)	52 (45-63)
Males	13 (65)	48 (52)
HCV genotype
Type 1b	1 (5)	28 (32)
Non- type 1b	7 (32)	6 (7)
Unavailable data	12 (63)	53 (61)
Type of therapy
Non-Peg INF-α	10 (50)	39 (45)
Peg INF-α	10 (50)	45 (52)
Other types of INF	-	3 (3)
Combination with ribavirin	15 (75)	54 (62)
Patients who developed DM during INF treatment	17 (85)	63 (72)
Patients who developed DM after INF cessation	3 (15)	24 (28)
Time-period between INF initiation and T1DM onset mo	4.2 (1.8-8.5)	5.7 (2.8-14.6)
Time-period between INF cessation and T1DM onset (mo)	3.6 (3.0-4.0)	6.3 (1.6-13)
Ab positive before INF treatment	10 (62)	0 (0)
Ab negative before INF treatment	6 (38)	4 (100)
Not done	4 (20)	83 (95.4)
Insulin therapy at end of follow-up	20 (100)	85 (98)

HCV: Hepatitis C virus; Peg INF-α: Pegylated interferon α; T1DM: Type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Table 2 Other autoimmune disorders in Caucasian and Japanese patients with interferon-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus n (%)

Disorder	Autoantibodies	Caucasian	Japanese	Ref.
Autoimmune thyroid disease	Anti TPO	5 (25)	27 (31)	[11,12,18,19,21,22,25,28,29]
	Anti TG
	TSI
Stiff person syndrome	Anti-GAD	1		[21]
Insulin resistance	Anti-insulin receptor	1		[22]
Neuromyelitis optica	Anti AQP-4		1	[30]
Sjogren's syndrome	SS-A, SS-B		1	[26]

TPO: Thyroid peroxidase; TG: Thyroglobulin; GAD: Glutamic acid decarboxylase; TSI: Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins; AQP-4: Aquaporin-4.