GW4064, a farnesoid X receptor agonist, upregulates adipokine expression in preadipocytes and HepG2 cells

Table 1 Sequences of primers for reverse transcription and real-time polymerase chain reaction amplification

Species	Gene	Forward primer	Reverse primer	Amplification (bp)
Rat	FXR	GCTGTGTGTTGTCTGTGGAGA	GGCGTTCTTGGTAATGCTTC	103
	PPARγ2	AGCTCTACAACAGGCCTCAT	TTGTGGATCCGGCAGTTAAG	190
	Adiponectin	CCTGGCCACTTTCTCCTCAT	ACGTCATCTTCGGCATGACT	132
	leptin	CCTGTGGCTTTGGTCCTATC	ATACCGACTGCGTGTGTGAA	128
	resistin	AGCTGTGGGACAGGAGCTAA	GGAGGGGAAATGAAAGGTTC	96
	AdipoR1	TCCACACAGAGACTGGCAAC	TTGGTCTCAGCATCGTCAAG	87
	AdipoR2	TGTTTGCCACCCCTCAGTAT	AGCCAGCCTATCTGCCCTAT	139
	OB-Rb	AGCTAGGTGTAAACTGGGACA	GCAGAGGCGAATCATCTATGAC	159
	GAPDH	ACCCCCAATGTGTCCGTCGT	AGCCCAAGATGCCCTTCAGTGG	118
Human	AdipoR2	TGTTTGCCACCCCTCAGTAT	CAGCCTATCTGCCCTATGGT	136
	OB-Rb	TACTTTGGAAGCCCCTGATG	AAGCACTGAGTGACTGCACG	246
	GAPDH	GCACCGTCAAGGCTGAGAAC	TGGTGAAGACGCCAGTGGA	145

FXR: Farnesoid X receptor; PPAR-γ2: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma 2; AdipoR1: Adiponectin receptor 1; AdipoR2: Adiponectin receptor 2; OB-Rb: Long form of the leptin receptor; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Table 2 Protein levels of adiponectin, leptin and resistin as detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (mean ± SD)

Adipokines	Group	Differentiation time (d)
		0	2	4	6	8
Adiponectin (μg/L)	Control	0	0	73.16 ± 1.14	75.13 ± 0.79	80.12 ± 3.88
	GW4064	0	0	74.98 ± 1.14	94.64 ± 4.54a	96.30 ± 1.72a
Leptin (pg/mL)	Control	527.75 ± 7.30	579.22 ± 2.62	601.92 ± 11.65	647.34 ± 3.47	652.63 ± 4.73
	GW4064	527.75 ± 7.30	590.57 ± 11.65	629.93 ± 7.97a	686.69 ± 7.30a	741.19 ± 3.47a
Resistin (μg/L)	Control	58.97 ± 0.21	64.20 ± 0.25	72.10 ± 0.47	82.36 ± 0.83	94.31 ± 2.31
	GW4064	58.97 ± 0.21	64.06 ± 0.08	72.18 ± 0.31	84.26 ± 2.19	92.41 ± 0.13

^aP < 0.05 vs untreated cells.