Pathology of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Facts, challenges and future developments

Table 1 Histopathological, immunophenotypical and clinical characteristics of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (adapted from [22])

Types and subtypes	Main localization	Sex	Frequency	Microscopic findings	Immunophenotype					Association with PDAC
					MUC1	MUC2	MUC5AC	MUC6	CDX2
Main-duct type IPMN
Intestinal type	Pancreatic head	M(>)F	36%	Papillae lined by columnar cells	-	+	+	-	+	34%
Pancreatobiliary type	Pancreatic head	M(>)F	7%	Papillae lined by cuboidal cells	+	-	+	+	-	58%
Oncocytic type	Pancreatic head	M(>)F	9%	Complexe papillae lined by multiple layer of cells with eosinophilic cytoplasma	+	-	+	+	-	25%
Branch-duct type IPMN
Gastric type	Uncinate process	M(>)F	49%	Gastric foveolar epithelium	-	-	+	-	-	6%

IPMN: Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm; PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Table 2 Genetic syndromes that are associated with an elevated lifetime risk for the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (adapted from [25])

Syndrome	Gene
Familial breast cancer	BRCA2
FAMMM syndrome	CDKN2A/p16
Lynch syndrome	MSH2, MLH1, others
Heriditary pancreatitis	PRSS1
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome	STK11
Ataxia teleangiectatica	ATM