Risk factors for combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma: A hospital-based case-control study

Table 1 Univariate analysis of risk factors for combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma n (%)

Risk factor	Cases (n = 126)	Controls (n = 504)	OR (95%CI)	P value
HBV				< 0.001
HBsAg (-)	38 (30.2)	446 (88.5)	1 (Reference)
HBsAg (+)	88 (69.8)	58 (11.5)	17.808 (11.145-28.452)
HCV				0.563
HCV-Ab (-)	125 (99.2)	502 (99.6)	1 (Reference)
HCV-Ab (+)	1 (0.8)	2 (0.4)	2.008 (0.181-22.322)
Heavy smoking				0.395
No	88 (69.8)	371 (73.6)	1 (Reference)
Yes	38 (30.2)	133 (26.4)	1.205 (0.784-1.850)
Heavy alcohol consumption				0.018
No	105 (83.3)	457 (90.7)	1 (Reference)
Yes	21 (16.7)	47 (9.3)	1.945 (1.115-3.392)
Diabetes mellitus				0.024
No	113 (89.7)	479 (95.0)	1 (Reference)
Yes	13 (10.3)	25 (5.0)	2.204 (1.094-4.443)
Hypertension				0.855
No	110 (87.3)	443 (87.9)	1 (Reference)
Yes	16 (12.7)	61 (12.1)	1.056 (0.586-1.903)
Hepatolithiasis				0.262
No	124 (98.4)	501 (99.4)	1 (Reference)
Yes	2 (1.6)	3 (0.6)	2.694 (0.445-16.294)
Family history of liver cancer				< 0.001
No	108 (85.7)	489 (97.0)	1 (Reference)
Yes	18 (14.3)	15 (3.0)	5.433 (2.655-11.120)
Family history of other malignancies				0.636
No	99 (78.6)	386 (76.6)	1 (Reference)
Yes	27 (21.4)	118 (23.4)	0.892 (0.556-1.431)

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; HbsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen; HCV-Ab: Anti-HCV antibody.

Table 2 Rates of cirrhosis, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection in studies with more than 10 cases of combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma

Author	Country	Year	No. of	Male/Female	Age	Cirrhosis	HBsAg	HCV-Ab
			patients		year1	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)
Aoki et al[4]	Japan	1993	20	18/2	55.8	12 (60)	5 (25)	NA
Haratake et al[5]	Japan	1995	13	10/3	64.8	11 (84.6)	1 (7.6)	3/5 (60)
Maeda et al[6]	Japan	1995	29	27/2	59.8	10 (34.5)	6 (22.2)	10/16 (62.5)
Taguchi et al[7]	Japan	1996	23	15/8	64.0	9 (39)	4 (17)	14/20 (70)
Sasaki et al[8]	Japan	1999	21	NA	NA	17 (80.9)	7 (33.3)	5/16 (31.3)
Yano et al[9]	Japan	2003	26	23/3	57.0	14 (54)	7 (27)	10 (38)
Sanada et al[10]	Japan	2005	11	7/4	66.4	5 (46)	5 (46)	6 (55)
Aishima et al[11]	Japan	2006	40	36/4	58.1	11 (27.5)	17/37 (45.9)	12/32 (37.5)
Wakasa et al[12]	Japan	2007	18	14/4	56.7	5 (27.7)	4 (22.2)	7/16 (43.8)
Ariizumi et al[13]	Japan	2011	44	31/11	65.0	23 (52)	11 (25)	24 (55)
Akiba et al[14]	Japan	2013	54	45/9	66.0	14 (25.9)	14 (25.9)	21 (38.8)
Koh et al[16]	Korea	2005	24	16/8	55.0	13 (54.2)	13 (54.2)	3 (12.5)
Lee et al[17]	Korea	2006	33	22/11	52.0	16 (48.5)	16 (48.5)	4 (12.1)
Shin et al[18]	Korea	2007	12	11/1	48.1	8 (66.6)	9 (75)	1 (8.3)
Kim et al[19]	Korea	2009	29	23/6	53.0	17 (58.6)	22 (75.9)	1 (3.4)
Kim et al[20]	Korea	2010	50	41/9	56.3	27 (54)	40 (80)	2 (4)
Lee et al[21]	Korea	2011	30	26/4	61.1	22 (73.3)	19 (63.3)	1 (3.3)
Park et al[22]	Korea	2011	21	15/6	59.0	13 (62)	17 (81)	0
Zuo et al[23]	China	2007	15	11/4	49.0	11 (73.3)	11 (73.3)	3 (20)
Zhang et al[24]	China	2008	12	8/4	48.0	7 (58.3)	7 (58.3)	0
Yu et al[25]	China	2011	14	12/2	53.6	10 (71.4)	13 (92.8)	0
Yin et al[26]	China	2012	103	83/20	50.0	69 (66.9)	76 (73.4)	1 (0.97)
Zhan et al[27]	China	2012	27	24/3	58.3	10 (37)	8 (29.6)	4 (14.8)
Yap et al[28]	Taiwan	2012	11	8/3	61.0	8 (72)	6 (54)	2 (18)
Lee et al[29]	Taiwan	2013	65	48/17	55.7	27/47 (57.4)	32 (49.2)	11 (16.9)
Ng et al[30]	Hong Kong	1998	21	18/3	49.7	10 (47.6)	12/16 (75)	NA
Chantajitr et al[31]	Thailand	2006	25	18/7	53.4	11 (50.0)	12 (66.7)	2 (13.3)
Phongkitkarun et al[32]	Thailand	2007	10	7/3	53.5	5 (50)	4 (40)	1 (10)
Jarnagin et al[33]	USA	2002	27	14/13	61.0	0	4 (15)2	NA
Panjala et al[34]	USA	2010	12	8/4	61.0	10 (83.3)	2 (16.6)	5 (41.6)
Cazals-hatem et al[35]	France	2004	15	14/1	59.8	4 (27)	NA	4 (27)
Portolani et al[36]	Italy	2008	18	NA	NA	14 (77.7)	3 (16.6)	11 (61.1)

¹Mean or median;

²Hepatitis B or C. NA: Not available; HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; HCV-Ab: Anti-HCV antibody.