Impacts of common factors of life style on serum liver enzymes

doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i33.11743

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Gastroenterol. Sep 7, 2014; 20(33): 11743-11752
Published online Sep 7, 2014. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i33.11743

Table 1 Distribution of study participants (n = 6269) in subgroups according to age and gender n (%)

		Age group (yr)
		25-29	30-39	40-49	50-59	60-69	70-74
Men
n		325	714	727	671	345	69
Alcohol, g/wk
	0	86 (26.5)	166 (23.2)	169 (23.2)	156 (23.2)	108 (31.3)	27 (39.1)
	< 280	222 (68.3)	510 (71.4)	515 (70.8)	466 (69.4)	219 (63.5)	39 (56.5)
	≥ 280	17 (5.2)	38 (5.3)	43 (5.9)	49 (7.3)	18 (5.2)	3 (4.3)
BMI, kg/m²
	< 18.5	4 (1.2)	1 (0.1)	2 (0.3)	1 (0.1)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
	≥ 18.5 and < 25	171 (52.6)	260 (36.4)	236 (32.5)	208 (31.0)	101 (29.3)	20 (29.0)
	≥ 25 and < 30	113 (34.8)	331 (46.4)	375 (51.6)	322 (48.0)	162 (47.0)	37 (53.6)
	≥ 30	37 (11.4)	122 (17.1)	114 (15.7)	140 (20.9)	82 (23.8)	12 (17.4)
Smoking, cigarettes/d
	0	189 (58.2)	446 (62.5)	476 (65.5)	469 (69.9)	274 (79.4)	65 (94.2)
	1-10	68 (20.9)	94 (13.2)	67 (9.2)	49 (7.3)	22 (6.4)	3 (4.3)
	≥ 11	68 (20.9)	174 (24.4)	184 (25.3)	153 (22.8)	49 (14.2)	1 (1.4)
Coffee, cups/d
	0	62 (19.1)	81 (11.3)	55 (7.6)	59 (8.8)	24 (7.0)	5 (7.2)
	1-4	143 (44.0)	248 (34.7)	239 (32.9)	246 (36.7)	180 (52.2)	39 (56.5)
	≥ 5	120 (36.9)	385 (53.9)	433 (59.6)	366 (54.5)	141 (40.9)	25 (36.2)
Women
n		461	861	860	795	365	76
Alcohol, g/wk
	0	190 (41.2)	356 (41.3)	308 (35.8)	289 (36.4)	155 (42.5)	38 (50.0)
	< 190	267 (57.9)	492 (57.1)	533 (62.0)	489 (61.5)	203 (55.6)	38 (50.0)
	≥ 190	4 (0.9)	13 (1.5)	19 (2.2)	17 (2.1)	7 (1.9)	0 (0.0)
BMI, kg/m²
	< 18.5	23 (5.0)	12 (1.4)	7 (0.8)	1 (0.1)	0 (0.0)	1 (1.3)
	≥ 18.5 and < 25	305 (66.2)	508 (59.0)	488 (56.7)	311 (39.1)	126 (34.5)	25 (32.9)
	≥ 25 and < 30	92 (20.0)	245 (28.5)	245 (28.5)	325 (40.9)	153 (41.9)	31 (40.8)
	≥ 30	41 (8.9)	96 (11.1)	120 (14.0)	158 (19.9)	86 (23.6)	19 (25.0)
Smoking, cigarettes/d
	0	314 (68.1)	616 (71.5)	616 (71.6)	652 (82.0)	326 (89.3)	71 (93.4)
	1-10	109 (23.6)	157 (18.2)	141 (16.4)	75 (9.4)	21 (5.8)	2 (2.6)
	≥ 11	38 (8.2)	88 (10.2)	103 (12.0)	68 (8.6)	18 (4.9)	3 (3.9)
Coffee, cups/d
	0	145 (31.5)	152 (17.7)	71 (8.3)	62 (7.8)	22 (6.0)	5 (6.6)
	1-4	235 (51.0)	440 (51.1)	409 (47.6)	445 (56.0)	240 (65.8)	59 (77.6)
	≥ 5	81 (17.6)	269 (31.2)	380 (44.2)	288 (36.2)	103 (28.2)	12 (15.8)

Table 2 Lower and upper normal limits for alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase based on non-drinkers with normal weight

	Normal weight non-drinkers			Reference¹
	n	Lower limit U/L	Upper limit U/L	Lower limit U/L	Upper limit U/L
ALT
Men	162	10	47	10	70
Women	523	8	37	10	45
GGT
Men	162	11	52
< 40 yr	55	10	48	10	80
≥ 40 yr	107	12	53	15	115
Women	522	8	42
< 40 yr	228	8	34	10	45
≥ 40 yr	294	9	47	10	75

¹Commonly used values in Nordic countries based on NORIP data[26].

Table 3 Summary of main effects and two-factor interaction statistics for alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase

	Men		Women
	ALT	GGT	ALT	GGT
Main effects
Ethanol	< 0.050	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
BMI	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Age	< 0.001	< 0.001	NS	< 0.001
Smoking	NS	< 0.001	NS	< 0.001
Coffee	NS	NS	NS	< 0.050
Two-factor interaction
Ethanol × age	0.008	0.001	0.295	0.197
Ethanol × BMI	0.301	0.038	0.537	0.048
Ethanol × smoking	0.398	0.094	0.794	0.001
Ethanol × coffee	0.534	0.260	0.138	0.001
BMI × age	0.003	0.067	0.502	0.788
BMI × smoking	0.878	0.342	0.904	0.690
BMI × coffee	0.430	0.653	0.261	0.090
Age × smoking	0.831	0.089	0.558	0.342
Age × coffee	0.095	0.117	0.018	0.061

The analyses of main effects and two-factor interactions were carried out using ANOVA on SPSS 21.0 for Windows statistical software. Alcohol use, BMI, smoking and coffee consumption were used as covariates, as appropriate. NS: Not significant; LT: Alanine aminotransferase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyltransferase; BMI: Body mass index.

Table 4 Correlations between study variables

	Men(n = 2851)		Women(n = 3418)
	ALT	GGT	ALT	GGT
ALT		0.543^a		0.483^a
Total cholesterol	0.182¹^a	0.347¹^a	0.105¹^a	0.193¹^a
HDL	-0.163^a	-0.017	-0.098^a	-0.045^b
LDL	0.151^a	0.252¹^a	0.118^a	0.182¹^a
Triglycerides	0.266¹^a	0.327¹^a	0.178¹^a	0.229¹^a
CRP	0.142^a	0.280^a	0.104^a	0.238^a
BMI	0.378¹^a	0.351¹^a	0.256¹^a	0.284¹^a
Waist circumference	0.367¹^a	0.395¹^a	0.253¹^a	0.303¹^a
	Men < 40 yr		Men ≥ 40 yr
	(n = 1039)		(n = 1812)
	ALT	GGT	ALT	GGT
ALT		0.592^a		0.538^a
Total cholesterol	0.297¹^a	0.391¹^a	0.164¹^a	0.298¹^a
HDL	-0.201^a	-0.083^b	-0.139^a	0.003
LDL	0.282¹^a	0.332¹^a	0.110¹^a	0.178¹^a
Triglycerides	0.322^a	0.373¹^a	0.256^a	0.301¹^a
CRP	0.180^a	0.267^a	0.137^a	0.273^a
BMI	0.451¹^a	0.446¹^a	0.351¹^a	0.284¹^a
Waist circumference	0.459¹^a	0.463¹^a	0.352¹^a	0.336¹^a
	Women < 40 yr		Women ≥ 40 yr
	(n = 1322)		(n = 2096)
	ALT	GGT	ALT	GGT
ALT		0.450^d		0.495^d
Total cholesterol	0.050	0.087^b	0.099^d	0.154^d
HDL	-0.114^d	-0.054^a	-0.096^d	-0.057^b
LDL	0.082^b	0.104^d	0.106^d	0.139^d
Triglycerides	0.083¹^b	0.115¹^d	0.217¹^d	0.249¹^d
CRP	0.044¹	0.154¹^d	0.148¹^d	0.302¹^d
BMI	0.267^d	0.291^d	0.231^d	0.236^d
Waist circumference	0.242^d	0.292^d	0.244^d	0.267^d

^aP < 0.05 vs Control,

^bP < 0.01 vs Control,

^dP < 0.001 vs Control.

¹Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in correlation coefficients between men and women or those below or above 40 years of age (Z-test). ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyltransferase; HDL: High density lipoprotein; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; CRP: C-Reactive protein; BMI: Body mass index.

Citation: Danielsson J, Kangastupa P, Laatikainen T, Aalto M, Niemelä O. Impacts of common factors of life style on serum liver enzymes. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20(33): 11743-11752
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v20/i33/11743.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i33.11743