Inflammation-related factors predicting prognosis of gastric cancer

Table 1 Important pathogens associated with the prognosis of gastric cancer

Factors	Source	Sample	Sample size	Cut-off value or characterization	Time of measurement	Prognostic role
H. pylori	Germany	Sera	166	Positivity	Prior to gastrectomy	Increased OS and RFS[17]
H. pylori	China	Tumor tissue	162	Positivity	At the time of surgery	Decreased OS and RFS[18]
H. pylori	Brazil	Tumor tissue	68	Positivity	At the time of surgery	No difference[19]
H. pylori	South Korea	Sera	274	Negativity	At the time of surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy	Decreased OS[20]
H. pylori	Italy	Sera and tumor tissue	297	Negativity	At the time of surgery	Decreased OS[21]
H. pylori	Brazilian, Asian and Caucasian	Sera	2454	Positivity	At the time of surgery	Increased OS and DFS[22]
EBV	Taiwan	Sera	150	Positivity	Prior to gastrectomy	Increased OS[27]
EBV	Korea	Sera	123	Expression	At the time of surgery	Increased OS and DFS[28]
EBV	Asia, Europe and Latin America	Sera	4599	Positivity	At the time of surgery	Increased OS[29]

DFS: Disease-free survival; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; OS: Overall survival; RFS: Relapse-free survival.

Table 2 Important inflammation-related host factors with prognostic values for gastric cancer

Factors	Source	Sample size	Cut-off value or characterization	Time of measurement	Prognostic role
In peripheral blood
MIF	China	97	> 6600 pg/mL	Prior to gastrectomy	Decreased 5-year survival rate[45]
Th1/Th2 ratio	Japan	157	High	After curative gastrectomy	Increased DFS[61]
Th17	China	51	High levels	Prior to gastrectomy	Decreased OS[62]
Th22	China	51	High levels	Prior to gastrectomy	Decreased OS[62]
CD57+ T cells	Japan	48	≥ 18%	At the time of gastrectomy	Decreased OS[68]
NLR	South Korea	775	> 3.79	Prior to gastrectomy	Decreased 5-year survival rate[12]
NLR	China	46	> 2.5	Prior to gastrectomy	Decreased PFS and OS[13]
TLR9	China	314	TLR9-1486C	Prior to gastrectomy	Decreased OS[73]
IL-1B + IL-1RN	Italy	123	IL-1B-511C/T and IL-1B-31T/C + Wide-type IL-1RN	Prior to gastrectomy	Decreased PFS and OS[76]
IL-6	Poland	99	> 288.7 pg/mL	At the time of gastrectomy	Increased overall complications and infective complications[83]
IL-2R	Japan	96	High expression	Prior to gastrectomy	Decreased OS[88]
IL-32	Japan	182	Positive expression	At the time of gastrectomy	Decreased OS[89]
VAP-1	Japan	107	Low levels	Prior to gastrectomy	Decreased OS[91]
MDSCs	United Kingdom	25	Increasing percentage	Prior to gastrectomy	Increased the risk of death[50]
MMP-11	China	86	Low levels at the 75th percentile in the total group	After chemotherapy	Decreased median survival time and 1-year survival rate[104]
MMP-12	China	165	Positive expression	Prior to chemotherapy	Decreased OS[105]
In tumor
TAM	Japan, Germany, Ukraine	449	Positive expression	Prior to chemotherapy	Decreased OS[44]
CD68+ Mφ	Japan	111	High numbers	At the time of gastrectomy	Decreased OS[45]
Nitrotyrosine	China	66	Intermediate or high expressions	At the time of gastrectomy	Decreased 5-year survival rate[51]
CD33+/p-STAT+ cells	China	100	> 11 cells/HPF	After curative gastrectomy	Decreased 5-year survival rate[52]
DCs	Japan	174	High levels	At the time of gastrectomy	Increased 5-year survival rate[53]
DCs	Bulgaria	55	Low numbers	At the time of gastrectomy	Decreased 5-year survival rate[54]
CD208+	Japan	128	High expression levels	At the time of gastrectomy	Decreased postoperative outcome[55]
CD15+ TINs	Japan	115	< 21.60 cells/HPF	At the time of gastrectomy	Increased OS[56]
HIF-1α	Japan, China, South Korea, United Kingdom	1268	High expression	Prior to gastrectomy	Decreased OS[77]
HIF-1α	Japan, China, South Korea, United Kingdom	1555	High expression	Prior to gastrectomy	Decreased OS[78]
S100A9 protein	China	176	> 200 positive cells/HPF	At the time of gastrectomy	Increased OS[16]
Stroma FoxP3+TILs	Germany	52	> 125.9/mm2	At the time of gastrectomy	Increased NED-survival and OS[113]
Stroma CD68+/Foxp3+	Germany	52	High cell ratios	At the time of gastrectomy	Increased median survivals[113]
Tc17	China	103	Percentage ≥ 2.75% or cell number ≥ 484.37 per million	At the time of gastrectomy	Decreased DFS and OS[60]
FOXP3+ Tregs	China	107	High numbers	At the time of gastrectomy	Increased OS[47]
CD45RO+ T cells	Japan	101	High levels	At the time of gastrectomy	Increased OS and DFS[67]
Foxp3+/CD8+ ratio	China	133	High	At the time of gastrectomy	Decreased OS[65]
Foxp3+/CD4+ ratio	South Korea	180	High	At the time of gastrectomy	Loco-regional recurrence[66]
T-bet+ TILs	China	152	High numbers	At the time of gastrectomy	Increased OS and DFS[69]
CD19+ cells	China	846	> 7.91% ± 2.98%	At the time of gastrectomy	Increased DFS[70]
CD20+ B cells	China	100	High density	Prior to gastrectomy	Increased OS and DFS[52]
Natural killer cells	Brazil	72	> 15 NK cells/10 HPF	At the time of gastrectomy	Increased OS and DFS[71]
COX-2	South Korea	457	Lack of expression	At the time of gastrectomy	Decreased OS and DFS[79]
STAT3	South Korea	100	> 10% stained cells	At the time of gastrectomy	Decreased OS and DFS[81]
NR4A2	China	245	Immunoreactive score ≥ 3	At the time of gastrectomy	Decreased OS and DFS[85]
IL-12	Japan	85	High density	At the time of gastrectomy	Increased OS and DFS[86]
IL-10	Poland	136	> 10 pg/mL	At the time of gastrectomy	Decreased OS and DFS[87]
Annexin A1	Taiwan	118	High expression	At the time of gastrectomy	Decreased OS[90]
CCL7 and CCL21	China	194	Higher expression	At the time of gastrectomy	Decreased OS[92]
CXCR4	China	97	Higher expression	At the time of gastrectomy	Decreased OS[94]
HighCXCR4/high SDF-1α	South Korea	221	Expression	At the time of gastrectomy	Decreased 5-year survival rate[95]
CCR3	Japan	48	Positive expression	At the time of gastrectomy	Decreased OS[96]
CCR5	Japan	60	Positive expression	At the time of gastrectomy	Decreased OS[96]
CCR4	South Korea	753	Positive expression	At the time of gastrectomy	Decreased 5-year survival rate[97]
CCR7	Japan	224	> 10% positivity	At the time of gastrectomy	Decreased OS[98]
CX3CL1	Japan	158	High expression	At the time of gastrectomy	Decreased DFS[100]
CCL18	China	59	High expression	At the time of gastrectomy	Increased OS and DFS[48]
MMP-9	China, Finland, The Netherlands, Poland, Spain	1700	High expression	At the time of gastrectomy	Decreased DFS[102]
MMP-21	China	296	High expression	At the time of gastrectomy	Decreased OS[106]
MMP 14	China	205	Positive expression	Prior to chemotherapy	Decreased OS[107]
MT1-MMP, CD11b+ immunocytes and LNR	China	184	MT1-MMP positive, low CD11b+ immunocytes and high LNR	At the time of gastrectomy	Increased OS[110]
Inflammation gene signature	Brazil	51	High expression pattern	At the time of gastrectomy	Decreased OS[112]

CCL: Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand; CCR: C-C chemokine receptor; CD: Cluster of differentiation; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2; CX3CL1: Chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1; CXCR4: C-X-C chemokine receptor 4; DFS: Disease-free survival; FOXP3: Forkhead box P3; HIF-1: Hypoxia-inducible factors-1; HPF: High power field; IL: Interleukin; MDSCs: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells; MIF: Migration inhibitory factor; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase; NLR: Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio; NR4A2: Nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 2; PFS: Progression-free survival; SDF-1: Stromal cell-derived factor -1; STAT: Signal transducers and activators of transcription; TAM: Tumor associated macrophages; Th1: T helper cell type 1; Th2: T helper cell type 2; Th17: T help cell type 17; Th22: T help cell type 22; TIL: Tumor infiltrating lymphocyte; TIN: Tumor infiltrating neutrophils; TLR: Toll-like receptors; Treg: Regulatory T cells; VAP-1: Vascular adhesion protein-1.