Positive predictors for gastroesophageal reflux disease and the therapeutic response to proton-pump inhibitors

Table 1 Response to proton pump inhibitor therapy

Parameters	Sensitivity	Specificity	PPV	NPV	OR (univ)	Pval (univ)	OR (mult)	Pval (mult)
Group A
SI	0.57	0.67	0.58	0.66	2.66	< 0.001	1.67	0.021
pH-metry	0.37	0.79	0.58	0.61	2.15	< 0.001	1.63	0.055
Gender	0.53	0.49	0.45	0.56	1.07	0.772	0.97	0.9
BMI	0.46	0.57	0.46	0.57	1.13	0.567	0.85	0.465
Heartburn	0.74	0.56	0.57	0.73	3.6	< 0.001	2.31	0.001
Regurgitation	0.68	0.59	0.57	0.7	3.08	< 0.001	1.64	0.059
Globus sensation	0.44	0.56	0.45	0.55	1	1	0.8	0.315
Burning tongue	0.22	0.77	0.44	0.55	0.98	1	0.67	0.129
Coughing	0.46	0.6	0.48	0.58	1.25	0.279	1.05	0.849
Hoarseness	0.45	0.67	0.53	0.6	1.69	0.009	1.59	0.054
Fullness	0.58	0.58	0.53	0.63	1.95	0.001	1.52	0.067
Nausea	0.3	0.77	0.52	0.58	1.47	0.087	0.83	0.505
Vomiting	0.09	0.91	0.43	0.55	0.93	0.944	0.65	0.275
Halitosis	0.29	0.77	0.5	0.57	1.37	0.166	1.13	0.619
Bile taste	0.28	0.77	0.5	0.57	1.31	0.255	0.9	0.67
Imp path	0.34	0.85	0.64	0.61	2.81	< 0.001	1.99	0.009
Smoking	0.06	0.91	0.35	0.55	0.66	0.342	0.65	0.905
Alcohol	0.2	0.73	0.38	0.53	0.71	0.152	0.77	0.313
Group B
SI	0.41	0.66	0.67	0.39	1.35	0.373	1.18	0.627
Ph-metry	0.19	0.84	0.67	0.38	1.26	0.662	1.09	0.848
Gender	0.52	0.51	0.65	0.38	1.16	0.693	0.88	0.689
BMI	0.43	0.54	0.62	0.35	0.88	0.759	0.84	0.569
Heartburn	0.66	0.45	0.67	0.43	1.59	0.134	1.88	0.086
Regurgitation	0.6	0.43	0.64	0.38	1.13	0.769	0.71	0.345
Globus sensation	0.45	0.65	0.68	0.4	1.48	0.222	1.33	0.367
Burning tongue	0.22	0.78	0.63	0.37	1	1	0.84	0.636
Coughing	0.45	0.6	0.66	0.39	1.2	0.614	1.21	0.575
Hoarseness	0.31	0.68	0.63	0.37	0.98	1	0.75	0.406
Fullness	0.52	0.61	0.7	0.42	1.68	0.089	2	0.033
Nausea	0.3	0.68	0.62	0.36	0.95	0.969	0.62	0.205
Vomiting	0.1	0.89	0.61	0.36	0.89	0.984	0.88	0.8
Halitosis	0.28	0.76	0.66	0.38	1.19	0.707	1.21	0.595
Bile taste	0.3	0.71	0.64	0.37	1.03	1	0.88	0.717
Imp path	0.32	0.76	0.69	0.39	1.45	0.299	1.38	0.381
Smoking	0.07	0.9	0.56	0.36	0.71	0.653	0.75	0.595
Alcohol	0.16	0.71	0.49	0.33	0.47	0.034	0.43	0.03

PPV: Positive predictive value; NPV: Negative predictive value; SI: Symptom index.

Table 2 Parameters associated with pathological results from pH-metry/impedance measurement

Parameters	Sensitivity	Specificity	PPC	NPV	OR (univ)	Pval (univ)	OR (mult)	Pval (mult)
Group A
SI	0.59	0.66	0.54	0.71	2.92	< 0.001	2.74	< 0.001
Gender	0.44	0.42	0.34	0.53	0.59	0.008	0.63	0.045
BMI	0.58	0.65	0.53	0.7	2.56	< 0.001	2.36	< 0.001
Heartburn	0.68	0.49	0.47	0.69	2.01	0.001	1.88	0.017
Regurgitation	0.6	0.51	0.45	0.66	1.58	0.023	1.06	0.816
Globus sensation	0.39	0.52	0.36	0.56	0.72	0.102	0.66	0.064
Burning tongue	0.2	0.76	0.36	0.58	0.78	0.325	0.73	0.228
Coughing	0.43	0.57	0.41	0.6	1.03	0.958	0.99	0.978
Hoarseness	0.39	0.63	0.42	0.61	1.1	0.678	1.21	0.432
Fullness	0.49	0.51	0.4	0.6	1.02	0.998	0.83	0.424
Nausea	0.32	0.78	0.49	0.63	1.64	0.027	1.63	0.078
Vomiting	0.11	0.92	0.48	0.6	1.39	0.389	1.06	0.876
Halitosis	0.25	0.74	0.39	0.59	0.96	0.938	0.93	0.783
Bile taste	0.23	0.73	0.36	0.59	0.81	0.41	0.69	0.154
Smoking	0.07	0.92	0.38	0.6	0.91	0.95	0.81	0.606
Alcohol	0.3	0.8	0.51	0.63	1.78	0.012	1.9	0.012
Group B
SI	0.61	0.75	0.59	0.77	4.78	< 0.001	4.091	< 0.001
Gender	0.45	0.45	0.32	0.58	0.66	0.172	0.84	0.625
BMI	0.51	0.59	0.42	0.67	1.49	0.195	1.73	0.097
Heartburn	0.63	0.39	0.38	0.63	1.05	0.969	0.95	0.906
Regurgitation	0.61	0.42	0.39	0.65	1.16	0.699	1.1	0.795
Globus sensation	0.43	0.6	0.39	0.64	1.15	0.723	1.31	0.428
Burning tongue	0.17	0.75	0.29	0.6	0.61	0.211	0.55	0.163
Coughing	0.46	0.59	0.4	0.65	1.19	0.621	1.2	0.608
Hoarseness	0.29	0.67	0.34	0.61	0.83	0.643	0.7	0.334
Fullness	0.48	0.54	0.38	0.64	1.07	0.907	1	0.998
Nausea	0.3	0.69	0.36	0.62	0.94	0.957	0.83	0.65
Vomiting	0.17	0.94	0.61	0.65	2.95	0.024	2.81	0.052
Halitosis	0.25	0.73	0.36	0.62	0.91	0.885	0.92	0.836
Bile taste	0.29	0.7	0.36	0.62	0.95	0.984	0.91	0.816
Smoking	0.11	0.94	0.5	0.64	1.77	0.36	1.25	0.682
Alcohol	0.28	0.83	0.49	0.66	1.85	0.089	1.47	0.336

PPV: Positive predictive value; NPV: Negative predictive value; SI: Symptom index.

Table 3 Parameters associated with a pathological symptom index

Parameters	Sensitivity	Specificity	PPC	NPV	OR (univ)	Pval (univ)	OR (mult)	Pval (mult)
Group A
pH-metry	0.39	0.81	0.61	0.63	2.67	< 0.001	2.04	0.004
Gender	0.54	0.5	0.46	0.58	1.18	0.44	1.1	0.681
Bmi	0.49	0.6	0.49	0.6	1.42	0.077	1.14	0.547
Heartburn	0.7	0.52	0.54	0.69	2.6	< 0.001	1.28	0.34
Regurgitation	0.7	0.6	0.58	0.72	3.42	< 0.001	2.73	< 0.001
Globus sensation	0.49	0.59	0.48	0.6	1.4	0.092	1.35	0.174
Burning tongue	0.22	0.77	0.43	0.56	0.97	0.97	0.66	0.113
Coughing	0.47	0.6	0.48	0.59	1.36	0.129	1.18	0.49
Hoarseness	0.43	0.66	0.5	0.6	1.46	0.062	1.15	0.553
Fullness	0.58	0.58	0.52	0.64	1.91	0.001	1.34	0.206
Nausea	0.34	0.8	0.57	0.61	2.11	0.001	1.13	0.665
Vomiting	0.12	0.93	0.59	0.58	2	0.048	1.56	0.252
Halitosis	0.26	0.74	0.44	0.56	1.03	0.958	0.65	0.085
Bile taste	0.29	0.78	0.5	0.58	1.42	0.129	1.01	0.952
Imp path	0.34	0.84	0.63	0.62	2.77	< 0.001	2.26	0.002
Smoking	0.07	0.93	0.44	0.56	1.01	1	1.1	0.808
Alcohol	0.22	0.74	0.4	0.55	0.81	0.402	0.85	0.537
Group B
pH-metry	0.33	0.91	0.7	0.68	5.03	< 0.001	3.28	0.006
Gender	0.49	0.47	0.37	0.6	0.86	0.687	0.86	0.678
BMI	0.42	0.54	0.36	0.6	0.85	0.642	0.59	0.115
Heartburn	0.66	0.41	0.41	0.66	1.36	0.353	1.32	0.492
Regurgitation	0.65	0.44	0.42	0.67	1.5	0.198	1.19	0.664
Globus sensation	0.43	0.6	0.4	0.63	1.13	0.776	0.84	0.62
Burning tongue	0.21	0.77	0.37	0.61	0.9	0.895	1.08	0.841
Coughing	0.5	0.61	0.45	0.66	1.58	0.128	1.56	0.22
Hoarseness	0.36	0.71	0.44	0.64	1.42	0.299	1.34	0.43
Fullness	0.51	0.55	0.42	0.64	1.3	0.407	1.21	0.588
Nausea	0.33	0.7	0.41	0.62	1.13	0.791	1	0.995
Vomiting	0.15	0.93	0.56	0.63	2.26	0.101	1.67	0.347
Halitosis	0.27	0.74	0.39	0.62	1.02	1	1.05	0.907
Bile taste	0.3	0.71	0.39	0.62	1.05	0.989	0.84	0.653
Imp path	0.5	0.84	0.66	0.73	5.23	< 0.001	4.84	< 0.001
Smoking	0.1	0.93	0.5	0.62	1.66	0.431	2.06	0.21
Alcohol	0.23	0.8	0.43	0.62	1.24	0.643	1.03	0.941

PPV: Positive predictive value; NPV: Negative predictive value; pH/MII: pH-metry/impedance measurement.