Animal models of pancreatitis: Can it be translated to human pain study?

Table 1 Different animal models of acute pancreatitis

Methods	Models and examples
Non-invasive	Hormone-induced
	Acute caerulein pancreatitis of rats[12], mice[13], dogs[14], and syrian hamsters[15]
	Trinidadian scorpion toxin induced acute pancreatitis in dogs[16]
	Alcohol-induced: rats[17-19], cats[20] and dogs[21]
	Immune-mediated
	Ovalbumin in rabbit[22]
	Foreign serum in mice[23] and rat[24]
	Spontaneous model of autoimmune acute pancreatitis mice[25]
	Diet-induced: Fed a choline-deficient diet containing ethionine in mice[26]
	Gene knockout: Interleukin (IL)-1 and tumour necrosis factor-α[27], IL-6[28], IL-10[29], chemoattractant cytokine receptor-1[30], neurokinin-1 receptor[31], intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)[32], metallothionein-1[33], cathepsin B[34], mouse a2-macroglobulin and murinoglobulin[35], complement factor C5a[36], granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor[37] and phospholipase A2[38]
	L-arginine-induced: Administration of a large dose of L-arginine in rats[39,40]
Invasive	Closed duodenal loop (CDL): Dog[41] and rat[42,43]
	Antegrade pancreatic duct perfusion: Cat[44] and rat[45]
	Various compounds infusion into the pancreatic duct: Rat[46] and dog[47]
	Combined intraductal glycodeoxycholic acid with intravenous caerulein: Rat[48]
	Vascular-induced
	Impairment of pancreatic circulation in dogs[49]
	To occlude pancreatic arteries in rats[50]
	Occlusion of pancreatic veins in dogs[51] and in rats[52]
	Complete but reversible ischaemia of the pancreas by occluding different arteries using microvascular clips: Rats[53] and canine[54]
	Duct ligation
	Ligating the distal bile duct at the level of the duodenum[55]
	Combined pancreatic duct ligation with the secretory stimulation, secretin in dogs[56]
	Combining duct ligation with both secretory stimulation and minimal arterial blood[57]
	Duct-ligated opossums models[58]
	Transient obstruction of the sphincter of Oddi (SO) in Australian brush tailed possums[59]

Table 2 Different animal models of chronic pancreatitis

Methods	Models and examples
Non-invasive	Caerulein-induced
	Serial caerulein injections in mice[60] and rats[61]
	Combination of repetitive caerulein injections with toxins and other agents such as lipopolysaccharides[62], cyclosporin A[63], dibutyltin dichloride[64] and Alcohol[65-67]
	Intraperitoneal caerulein injections are administered in genetically transformed mice such as TRX-1 transgenic mice[68,69]
	Arginine-induced
	A single L-arginine injection in rat[70]
	Serial L-arginine injections[70-72]
	Alcohol feeding-induced: Lieber-DeCarli formula[73-76]
	Genetic models: Wistar Bonn/Kobori (WBN/Kob) rats[77-79]; R122H transgenic mice[80]; SPINK3-deficient (SPINK3-/-) mice[81]; CFTR-deficient (cftrm1UNC) mice[82] and CFTR(-/-) pigs[83]; Kif3a-deficient mice[84]; PERK-deficient (PERK-/-) mice[85]; Interleukin 1-β transgenic mice[86]
Invasive	Sodium taurocholate-induced: Retrograde infusion of sodium taurocholate (NaTc) into the pancreatic duct system of the rat[87]
	Oleic acid-induced: Retrograde infusion of oleic acid[72,88-91], viscous solution of zein[92], mixture of zein-oleic acid, or viscous solution consisting of zein-oleic acid-linoleic acid[93,94] into rat pancreatic duct
	Congestion of pancreatic fluid flow: Combination of transient stasis of pancreatic juice flow and mild pancreatic duct injury[95]
	Duct ligation model
	Ligation of the common bile duct close to the duodenum pancreatic tissue in dogs[96], mouse[97] and pigs[98]
	Incomplete pancreatic duct ligation in canine[99]
	Occlusion with two different tissue glues in the rat[100]