Gastrointestinal symptoms and associated factors in Chinese patients with functional dyspepsia

Table 1 Demographics and baseline characteristics of patients who completed all four follow-ups compared with those who were lost to follow-up

Characteristic	Complete all four follow-ups (n = 943)	Lost to follow-up (n =106)	P value
Sex (female)	603 (63.9)	82 (77.4)	0.006
Smoker	202 (21.4)	16 (15.1)	0.128
Alcohol user	278 (29.5)	15 (14.2)	0.001
Marital status (married)	815 (86.4)	95 (89.6)	0.357
Physical labor			0.537
High	34 (3.6)	3 (2.8)
Medium	238 (25.2)	31 (29.2)
Low	671 (71.2)	72 (67.9)
Life satisfaction
High	171 (18.1)	13 (12.3)	0.292
Medium	732 (77.6)	90 (84.9)
Low	40 (4.2)	3 (2.8)
Educational level			0.011
High	336 (35.6)	28 (26.4)
Medium	455 (48.3)	51 (48.1)
Low	152 (16.1)	27 (25.5)
Economic situation			0.03
Rich	40 (4.2)	3 (2.8)
Sufficient	405 (42.9)	34 (32.1)
Well-off	469 (49.7)	67 (63.2)
Poor	29 (3.1)	2 (1.9)
BMI (kg/m2)			0.071
Obesity	138 (14.6)	10 (9.4)
Normal	709 (75.2)	81 (76.4)
Thin	96 (10.2)	15 (14.2)
Bowel symptom	176 (18.7)	23 (21.7)	0.45
H. pylori status (positive)	230 (24.4)	22 (20.8)	0.14
Consulting a physician	908 (96.3)	91 (85.8)	< 0.001
Mean age (yr)	42.99 ± 11.74	41.11 ± 10.65	0.116
DSS	22.05 ± 9.89	20.25 ± 10.77	0.079

Data are expressed as absolute numbers (percentage) or mean ± SD. Significant variables in italic/bold (P < 0.05); BMI: Body mass index calculated; H.pylori: Helicobacter pylori; DSS: Dyspeptic symptom score.

Table 2 Longitudinal associations between functional dyspepsia patients’ baseline characteristics and dyspeptic symptom score at 1-year follow-up

Variable (at baseline)	Longitudinal associations
	Univariate correlates			Multiple linear regression
	r1	F2	P	B	β	t	P	R2Model
Sex3		3.489	0.062	0.161	0.009	0.208	0.835	0.019
Age	0.002		0.959	-0.007	-0.009	-0.224	0.823
BMI	0.007		0.835	-0.024	-0.009	-0.248	0.804
Smoking		1.894	0.169	1.228	0.058	1.368	0.172
Alcohol consumption		0.02	0.887	-0.665	-0.035	-0.876	0.381
Major mental stimulation		1.288	0.257	-0.421	-0.013	-0.365	0.715
History of abuse		5.022	0.0254	-3.774	-0.062	-1.762	0.078
Anxiety		0.106	0.745	0.897	0.030	0.777	0.437
Depression		0.937	0.333	-1.549	-0.044	-1.157	0.248
Sleep disorder		1.831	0.176	-0.683	-0.040	-1.131	0.259
Bowel symptom		0.17	0.680	0.442	0.020	0.580	0.562
H. pylori status		0.461	0.631	-0.269	-0.027	-0.782	0.434
DSS	-0.014		0.667	-0.015	-0.018	-0.502	0.616
Treatments in the previous months before baseline
Consulting a physician		0.753	0.386	0.468	0.027	0.804	0.421
Prokinetic use		0.077	0.782	-0.598	-0.034	-0.933	0.351
Gastric mucosa protectant use		1.407	0.236	0.611	0.034	0.971	0.332
Antacid use		1.381	0.24	0.589	0.034	0.906	0.365
Anti-H. pylori therapy		1.014	0.314	0.431	0.018	0.539	0.590
Traditional Chinese medicine use		0.005	0.945	-0.025	-0.001	-0.042	0.966

¹Pearson’s correlation; ²Non-parametric one-way ANOVA;

³Male = 0, female = 1 reference category: female;

⁴Significant variables (P < 0.05). BMI: Body mass index; H.pylori: Helicobacter pylori; DSS: Dyspeptic symptom score.

Table 3 Horizontal associations between functional dyspepsia patients’ baseline characteristics and dyspeptic symptom score at 1-year follow-up

Variable (at 1-yr follow-up)	Horizontal associations
	Univariate correlates			Multiple linear regression
	r1	F2	P	B	β	t	P	R2Model
Sex3		3.489	0.062	0.585	0.033	6.356	< 0.0014	0.98
Age	0.139		< 0.0014	-0.002	-0.002	-0.456	0.649
Time of follow-up (mo)	-0.035		0.288	-0.121	-0.008	-1.837	0.067
Smoking		1.109	0.293	-0.242	-0.009	-1.533	0.126
Alcohol consumption		5.132	0.0244	0.204	0.008	1.346	0.179
Anxiety		13.257	< 0.0014	0.292	0.015	2.373	0.0184
Depression		27.452	< 0.0014	-0.052	-0.002	-0.392	0.695
Sleep disorder		69.219	< 0.0014	0.216	0.012	2.346	0.0194
Bowel symptom		51.053	< 0.0014	0.185	0.007	1.377	0.169
H. pylori status		1.563	0.210	-0.035	-0.003	-0.759	0.448
Treatments during 1-yr follow-up period
Consulting a physician		224.718	< 0.0014	0.893	0.051	9.168	< 0.0014
Prokinetic use		59.340	< 0.0014	0.200	0.012	2.113	0.0354
Gastric mucosa protectant use		22.857	< 0.0014	-0.014	-0.001	-0.147	0.883
Antacid use		19.313	< 0.0014	-0.023	-0.001	-0.266	0.790
Anti-H. pylori therapy		1.825	0.177	-0.075	-0.003	-0.635	0.526
Traditional Chinese medicine use		50.799	< 0.0014	-0.062	-0.004	-0.755	0.450
Weight loss during 1-yr follow-up period	0.988		< 0.0014	1.040	0.961	186.775	< 0.0014

¹Pearson’s correlation; ²Non-parametric one-way ANOVA;

³Male = 0, female = 1 reference category: female;

⁴Significant variables (P < 0.05). BMI: Body mass index; H.pylori: Helicobacter pylori; DSS: Dyspeptic symptom score.