Possible ameliorative effect of breastfeeding and the uptake of human colostrum against coeliac disease in autistic rats

Table 1 Protein and DNA content in the duodenums of the studied groups (mean ± SE)

	Control	Group 1	Group 2
Protein content, mg/g	135.42 ± 2	122.4 ± 7b	151.6 ± 9bd
DNA content, mg/g	6.3 ± 0.03	6.1 ± 0.06	7.7 ± 0.03bd

^bP < 0.01 vs control rats,

^dP < 0.01 vs group 1.

Table 2 Pup weight until weaning (mean ± SD)

Groups	PND 0	PND 7	PND 14	PND 21
Control	3.53 ± 0.3	10.1 ± 2.0	17.5 ± 1.6	33.4 ± 2.7
Group 1	1.7 ± 0.1b	5.5 ± 0.1b	14.2 ± 2.0b	21.40 ± 2.36b
Group 2	1.6 ± 0.3b	7.4 ± 0.5d	15.9 ± 1.0c	29.6 ± 1.7d

Changes in pup weight.

^bP < 0.01 vs control group;

^cP < 0.05 and

^dP < 0.01 vs group 1. PND: pups on post natal day.

Table 3 Changes in biochemical parameters in the control group and study 1 on post natal day 0 (mean ± SD)

Parameters	Vitamin D (ng/mL)	Serotonin (μg/L)	Epinephrine (ng/L)	Norepinephrine (ng/L)	Calcium (mg/dL)
Method	CMIA	HPLC	HPLC	HPLC	Calorimetric
Control	34.26 ± 0.514	7.26 ± 0.604	16.54 ± 0.185	101.32 ± 1.683	10.01 ± 0.211
Study 1	6.21 ± 0.13b	33.3 ± 0.24b	84.25 ± 5.95b	184.29 ± 8.44a	6.52 ± 0.16b

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01 vs control group. CMIA: Chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay; HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography.

Table 4 Changes in the biochemical parameters in the control group and study 2 groups on post natal day 21 (mean ± SD)

Parameters	Vitamin D (ng/mL)	Serotonin (μg/L)	Epinephrine (ng/L)	Norepinephrine (ng/L)	Transglutaminase (g/L)	Calcium (mg/dL)
Method	CMIA	HPLC	HPLC	HPLC	ELISA	Calorimetric
Control	44.36 ± 0.302	9.12 ± 0.126	21.73 ± 0.29	110.46 ± 0.99	0.9 ± 0.066	10.91 ± 0.241
Group 1	9.4 ± 0.225b	30.5 ± 0.565b	76.22 ± 1.15b	204.87 ± 1.83b	3.1 ± 0.149b	7.31 ± 0.411a
Group 2	33.62 ± 0.581bd	15.32 ± 0.367bd	56.15 ± 0.07bc	155.42 ± 0.08bc	1.6 ± 1.021ad	10.12 ± 0.819c

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01 vs control group,

^cP < 0.05,

^dP < 0.01 vs group 1. CMIA: Chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay; HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.