Brief Article
Copyright ©2011 Baishideng Publishing Group Co.
World J Gastroenterol. Mar 7, 2011; 17(9): 1204-1210
Published online Mar 7, 2011. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i9.1204
Table 1 Summary characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis
StudyCountryFollow-up periodStudy subjectsNo. of casesCoffee consumptionRelative risk (95% CI)Adjustments
Snowdon et al[12]United States1960-198023 91271< 1 cup/d1.00 (reference)Age, sex
Aged ≥ 30 yr1 cup/d1.7 (0.9-3.3)
1984≥ 2 cups/d0.8 (0.4-1.6)
Jacobsen et al[13]Norway1967-197816 55563 ≤ 2 cups/d1.00 (reference)Sex, age and residence (men for cigarette smoking)
13 664 male3-4 cups/d1.22 (0.66-2.35)
19862891 female5-6 cups/d0.53 (0.21-1.26)
≥ 7 cups/d0.62 (0.18-1.75)
Nomura et al[14]Japan1965-19837355 male210 cup/d1.00 (reference)Age, years of smoking, number of cigarettes smoked per day, smoking status at exam, and past smoking status
1-2 cups/d0.83 (0.16-5.34)
19863-4 cups/d1.39 (0.32-8.31)
≥ 5 cups/d1.27 (0.27-7.84)
Hiatt et al[15]United States1978-1984122 89449< 1 cup/d0.4 (0.1-4.3)Age, sex, ethnic origin, blood glucose levels, consumption of alcohol, tea
19881-3 cups/d1.2 (0.3-4.4)
> 4 cups/d0.8 (0.2-4.6)
Zheng et al[16]United States1966-198617 633 male57< 3 cups/d1.00 (reference)Age, smoking index, alcohol index
Aged ≥ 35 yr3-4 cups/d0.6 (0.3-1.2)
19935-6 cups/d0.7 (0.4-1.6)
≥ 7 cups/d0.9 (0.3-2.4)
Shibata et al[17]United States1981-199013 97963< 1 cup/d1.00 (reference)Sex, age and cigarette smoking
1 cup/d1.82 (0.75-4.43)
19942-3 cups/d1.67 (0.74-3.77)
≥ 4 cups/d0.88 (0.28-2.80)
Stensvold et al[18]Norway1977-199042 97341 ≤ 2 cups/d1.00 (reference)Age, cigarette smoking, county of residence
21 735 male26 M3-4 cups/d2.76 (0.63-25.21)
199421 238 female15 F5-6 cups/d3.09 (0.72-27.87)
Aged 35-54 yr≥ 7 cups/d2.71 (0.59-25.15)
Zheng et al[19]United States1986-199335 369 female66Never/monthly1.00 (reference)Age, education, smoking status, pack-years of smoking, physical activity, all fruit and vegetable intake, total energy intake, waist/hip ratio, family history of cancer, prior history of blood transfusion
Aged 55-69 yrWeekly-3 cups/d1.82 (0.87-3.82)
1996≥ 4 cups/d2.15 (1.01-4.07)
Michaud et al[20]United1986-1998136 593288None1.00 (reference)Age in 5-yr categories, pack-years of smoking, bidy mass index, history of diabetes mellitus, history of cholecystectomy, energy intake, and period
States1980-199647 794 male130 M< 1 cup/d0.94 (0.65-1.36)
2001Aged 40-75 yr158 F1 cup/d0.60 (0.38-0.94)
88 799 female2-3 cups/d0.88 (0.65-1.21)
Aged 30-55 yr> 3 cups/d0.62 (0.27-1.43)
Isaksson et al[21]Sweden1961-199721 8841310-2 cups/d1.00 (reference)Sex, age, cigarette smoking
9680 male3-6 cups/d0.91 (0.60-1.38)
200212 204 female≥ 7 cups/d0.39 (0.17-0.89)
Aged 36-75 yr
Lin et al[22]Japan1988-199799 527225NondrinkersAge, cigarette smoking in pack-years
200244 646 male1-2 cups/mo
54 881 female1-4 cups/wk
Aged 40-79 yr1 cup/d
2-3 cups/d
≥ 4 cups/d
Stolzenberg-Solomon et al[23]Finland1985-199727 111 male163 ≤ 321.4 g/d1.00 (reference)Age, years of smoking
Aged 50-69 yr> 321.4- ≤ 450.0 g/d1.48 (0.89-2.46)
> 450.0- ≤ 624.9 g/d1.12 (0.61-2.03)
2002> 624.9- ≤ 878.6 g/d1.72 (1.01-2.86)
> 878.6 g/d0.95 (0.54-1.68)
Khan et al[24]Japan1984-2002315825 ≤ several times/mo1.00 (reference)Age, sex, health education, health examination, health status, moking
20041524 male12 M≥ several times/wk0.38 (0.01-1.05)
1634 female13 F
Aged ≥ 40 yr
Luo et al[25]Japan1990-2003102 137233Rarely1.00 (reference)Body mass index, frequency of sports, smoking status, alcohol intake, history of diabetes, history of cholelithiasis, study area, age and tea consumption
200748 783 male135 M1-2 cups/wk1.0 (0.7-1.4)
53 354 female98 F3-4 cups/wk1.1 (0.7-1.7)
Aged 40-69 yr1-2 cups/d0.9 (0.6-1.3)
≥ 3 cups/d0.8 (0.4-1.3)