PPIs are not associated with a lower incidence of portal-hypertension-related bleeding in cirrhosis

Table 1 Characteristics of the patients included in the study classified by proton pump inhibitor use (mean ± SD) n (%)

Variable	Patients using PPIs (n = 48)	Patients not using PPIs (n = 57)	P value
Age (yr)	56.1 ± 13.8	57 ± 12.4	0.71
MELD	12.8 ± 6.3	11.5 ± 5.4	0.25
CPT	8.3 ± 1.8	7.2 ± 2.2	0.55
Albumin (g/L)	28 ± 0.6	32 ± 1.5	0.16
Total bilirubin (mg/L)	27 ± 3.7	24 ± 3.3	0.62
ALT (UI/L)	47.2 ± 22.6	50 ± 40.5	0.66
Alkaline phosphatase (UI/L)	161.2 ± 92.2	132.9 ± 63.8	0.06
BMI	26.5 ± 4.4	25.9 ± 3.7	0.46
Sex, male	19 (40)	29 (51)	0.24
Etiology
Viral hepatitis C	25 (52)	25 (44)	0.44
Alcohol	12 (25)	12 (21)	0.56
Cryptogenic	5 (10)	10 (18)	0.28
Autoimmune hepatitis	2 (4)	8 (14)	0.22
Other	4 (8)	2 (4)	0.26
Child-pugh-turcotte
A	19 (40)	31 (54)	0.2
B	22 (46)	17 (30)	0.3
C	7 (15)	9 (16)	0.4
GERD	7 (15)	5 (9)	0.7
Gastric/esophageal varices	44 (92)	40 (70)	0.006
Large	6 (13)	3 (5)	0.1
Red signs	4 (8)	3 (5)	0.35
Responders to β-adrenergic blocker	13 (27)	11 (19)	0.34
NSAID	4 (8)	0 (0)	0.04
Antiplatelet agents use	7 (15)	5 (9)	0.1
Oral anticoagulation	1 (2)	1 (2)	0.9
Steroid use	3 (7)	2 (4)	0.37
Comorbidities
Diabetes mellitus	19 (40)	28 (49)	0.43
Hypertension	9 (19)	14 (25)	0.63
High-level triglycerides	3 (6)	10 (18)	0.13

CPT: Child-pugh-turcotte class; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; MELD: Model for end stage liver disease; PPIs: Proton pump inhibitors; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; NSAID: Non-Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; BMI: Body mass index (calculated as patient body weight divided by the square of their height expressed in kg/m²).

Table 2 Univariate and multivariate analyses of risk factors associated with portal-hypertension related bleeding in cirrhotic patients

	B Coefficient	Standarderror	Wald χ2	OR (95% CI)	P value
Univariate
Age ≥ 60	-	-	-	1.1 (0.37-3.5)	1
Sex, male	-	-	-	1.7 (0.5-5.2)	0.39
CPT C	-	-	-	1.6 (0.40-6.6)	0.36
GERD	-	-	-	0.53 (0.15-1.8)	0.31
MELD > 15	-	-	-	1.2 (0.35-4.4)	0.47
PPI use	-	-	-	0.83 (0.5-1.3)	0.51
LEV	-	-	-	12 (3-123)	< 0.001
Red signs	-	-	-	10 (2-58)	< 0.001
NSAID	-	-	-	0.86	0.55
Multivariate
LEV	23.7	15.1	0	10 (4-110)	< 0.001
Red signs	22.0	14.2	0	9 (4-102)	< 0.001

CPT C: Child-pugh-turcotte class C; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; MELD: Model for end stage liver disease; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor; LEV: Large Esophageal varices; NSAID: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.