Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for gastrointestinal cancer among American veterans

Table 1 Demographics and predictive factors in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients and controls (%)

Variable	Diabetes (n = 278 761)	Controls (n = 836 283)	P value
Age ± SD (yr)	65.8 ± 11.3	64.8 ± 12.7	NS
Male sex	97.8	97.4	< 0.001
Caucasian	65.3	68.3	< 0.001
Obesity	15.7	7.5	< 0.001
Smoking	5.8	6.8	< 0.001
Gallbladder cancer	0.03	0	< 0.001
Extrahepatic biliary cancer	0.1	0.02	< 0.001
Pancreatic cancer	0.9	0.3	< 0.001
Pancreatitis	5.1	2.7	< 0.001
Cholelithiasis	4.5	2.8	< 0.001
Choledocholithiasis	0.8	0.5	< 0.001
Cholecystitis	0.9	0.5	< 0.001
Sclerosing cholangitis	0.4	0.2	< 0.001
Other biliary diseases	1.2	0.6	< 0.001
Other pancreatic disease	1.7	0.3	< 0.001

Table 2 Gallbladder diseases associated with DM: univariate and multivariate analysis

Variables	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	P value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P value
Age > 50 yr	1.51 (1.49-1.54)	< 0.001	1.56 (1.54-1.580)	< 0.001
Gender M	1.18 (1.15-1.22)	< 0.001	0.80 (0.75-0.85)	NS
Race W	0.86 (0.85-0.87)	NS	0.75 (0.69-0.79)	NS
Smoking	1.16 (1.14-1.19)	< 0.001	0.86 (0.84-0.88)	NS
Obesity	2.30 (1.70-3.10)	< 0.001	2.52 (2.47-2.58)	< 0.001
Gallbladder cancer	2.01 (1.47-2.76)	< 0.001	2.20 (1.56-3.00)	< 0.001
Extrahepatic biliary cancer	1.81 (1.44-2.27)	< 0.001	2.10 (1.61-2.53)	< 0.001
Cholelithiasis	1.66 (1.62-1.70)	< 0.001	1.81 (1.77-1.85)	< 0.001
Choledocholithiasis	1.52 (1.44-1.62)	< 0.001	1.47 (1.43-1.50)	< 0.001
Cholecystitis	1.97 (1.87-2.08)	< 0.001	2.25 (2.02-2.52)	< 0.001
Sclerosing cholangitis	1.93 (1.78-2.10)	< 0.001	2.37 (1.76-3.12)	< 0.001
Other biliary diseases	1.99 (1.90-2.09)	< 0.001	2.10 (1.86-2.36)	< 0.001

Table 3 Pancreatic diseases associated with DM: univariate and multivariate analysis

Variables	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	P value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P value
Age > 50 yr	1.51 (1.49-1.54)	< 0.001	1.51 (1.53-1.57)	< 0.001
Male sex	1.18 (1.14-1.22)	< 0.001	1.09 (1.06-1.22)	< 0.001
Caucasian	0.86 (0.85-0.87)	NS	0.91 (0.90-0.92)	NS
Smoking	1.16 (1.14-1.19)	< 0.001	0.99 (0.95-1.02)	NS
Obesity	2.30 (1.70-3.10)	< 0.001	2.68 (2.62-2.75)	< 0.001
Pancreatic cancer	2.48 (2.26-2.72)	< 0.001	3.22 (3.03-3.42)	< 0.001
Cholelithiasis	1.66 (1.62-1.70)	< 0.001	1.94 (1.89-1.98)	< 0.001
Choledocholithiasis	1.52 (1.44-1.62)	< 0.001	1.82 (1.72-1.93)	< 0.001
Pancreatitis	1.98 (1.94-2.03)	< 0.001	2.30 (2.25-2.36)	< 0.001
Other pancreatic disorders	5.16 (4.88-5.45)	< 0.001	6.15 (5.82-6.50)	< 0.001