Body weight, lifestyle, dietary habits and gastroesophageal reflux disease

Table 1 Association between being overweight/obese and GERD-related symptoms

Author	Year	Country	Study design	Population size	Obesity index	Method of data collection	Association
Nilsson et al[42]	2003	Norway	Population-based	65 363	BMI	Questionnaire	Yes
Nandurkar et al[41]	2004	USA	Population-based	211	BMI	Validated questionnaire	Yes
Hampel et al[13]	2005	USA	Meta-analysis		BMI	Validated symptoms score	Yes
Corley et al[14]	2006	USA	Meta-analysis		BMI	Questionnaire	Yes
Jacobson et al[38]	2006	USA	Cross-sectional, women	10 545	BMI	Questionnaire	Yes
Nocon et al[39]	2006	Germany	Population-based	7124	BMI	Interview	Yes
Corley et al[37]	2007	USA	Cross-sectional	80 110	BMI and abdominal diameter	Questionnaire	Yes
Nocon et al[40]	2007	Germany	Population-based	6215	BMI	Validated questionnaire	Yes
Zheng et al[43]	2007	Sweden	Swedish twin registry	27 717	BMI	Questionnaire, telephone interview	Yes
Andersen et al[44]	1991	Denmark	Population-based	1321	BMI	Validated questionnaire	No
Lagergren et al[46]	2000	Sweden	Cross-sectional	820	BMI	Interview	No
Talley et al[45]	2004	Australia	Cross-sectional	777	BMI	Questionnaire	No
Zagari et al[47]	2008	Italy	Population-based	1033	BMI	Questionnaire	No

Table 2 Association between overweight/obesity and reflux esophagitis

Author	Year	Country	Study design	Population size	Obesity index	Method of data collection	Association
Ruhl et al[49]	1999	USA	Cohort	12 349	BMI	Upper endoscopy	Yes
Hampel et al[13]	2005	USA	Meta-analysis		BMI	Upper endoscopy	Yes
Nocon et al[40]	2007	Germany	Population-based	6215	BMI	Upper endoscopy	Yes
Kim et al[48]	2007	South Korea	Population-based	27 319	BMI	Upper endoscopy	Yes
Kang et al[51]	2007	South Korea	Population-based	2457	BMI, waist circumference	Upper endoscopy	Yes
Lee et al[50]	2008	South Korea	Population-based	3363	BMI, waist-to-hip ratio	Upper endoscopy	Yes
Chung et al[52]	2008	South Korea	Cross-sectional	7078	BMI, waist circumference, visceral adipose tissue	Upper endoscopy	Yes
Furukawa et al[58]	1999	Japan	Cross-sectional	6010	BMI	Upper endoscopy	No
Baldi et al[59]	2008	Italy	Cohort	1542	BMI	Upper endoscopy	No
Zagari et al[47]	2008	Italy	Population-based	1033	BMI	Upper endoscopy	No

Table 3 Dietary intake and GERD-related clinical manifestations

Author	Year	Country	Study design	Population size	Method of data collection	Effects
Fatty foods, chocolate, carminatives
Nebel et al[84]	1972	USA	Case series	10	Infused open-tipped system	Lowered LESP
Becker et al[82]	1989	USA	Case-control	20	24-h pH-metry	Increased esophageal acid exposure
Nebel et al[86]	1976	USA	Population-based	1004	Symptom questionnaire	Worsened reflux symptoms
Iwakiri et al[89]	1996	Japan	Population-based	20	pH-monitoring
Holloway et al[90]	1997	Australia	Case-control	23	Esophageal manometry and pH-monitoring
Meyer et al[91]	2001	USA	Population-based	11	Esophageal perfusion with HCl and duodenal perfusion with fat and saline, symptoms interview and scales
El-Serag et al[87]	2005	USA	Cross- sectional	371	Dietary and symptom questionnaire and upper endoscopy
Shapiro et al[88]	2007	USA	Case series	50	GERD symptoms checklist, upper endoscopy, 24-h pH-metry, dietary intake records
Ruhl[49]	1999	USA	Epidemiological	12 349	Upper endoscopy, symptoms interview, total dietary servings of high fat foods	No association with GERD symptoms, reflux episodes or lower esophageal sphincter pressure
Phel[92]	1999	Germany	Case series	12	Esophageal manometry, pH-metry
Colombo[93]	2002	Italy	Case series	13	pH-metry in three solid/liquid meals
Nandurkar[41]	2004	USA	Population-based, nested case-control	211	GERD, energy expediture, dietary intake questionnaires
Zheng[43]	2007	Sweden	Swedish Twin Registry	27 717	Questionnaire, telephone interview
High caloric load
Colombo[93]	2002	Italy	Case series	13	pH-metry in three solid/liquid meals
Fox[80]	2007	UK	Case series	15	pH-monitoring in four dietary conditions
Fruits, vegetable, high fiber intake
El-Serag et al[87]	2005	USA	Cross- sectional	371	Dietary and symptom questionnaire and upper endoscopy	Improved symptoms
Zheng et al[43]	2007	Sweden	Monozygotic co-twin study based on Swedish Twin Registry	27 717	Questionnaire, telephone interview	No association
Alcohol
O’Leary et al[97]	2003	Ireland	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial	56	Symptom questionnaires and drug-diet-alcohol records	Worsened reflux symptoms
Rosaida et al[98]	2004	Malayia	Cross-sectional	1000	Upper endoscopy and symptom and risk factor questionnaire
Wang et al[96]	2004	China	Epidemiological	2789	Symptom and risk factor questionnaire
Mohammed et al[95]	2005	UK	Population-based	1533	Symptom and lifestyle questionnaire
Talley et al[102]	1994	USA	Cross-sectional	1644	Symptom and lifestyle questionnaire	No association
Stanghellini et al[101]	1999	Multinational	Cross-sectional	5581	Symptom and lifestyle questionnaire
Nilsson et al[99]	2004	Norway	Case-control	> 40 000	Symptom and lifestyle questionnaire
Zheng et al[43]	2007	Sweden	Swedish Twin Registry	27 717	Questionnaire, telephone interview
Shapiro et al[88]	2007	USA	Case series	50	GERD symptoms checklist, upper endoscopy, 24-h pH-metry, dietary intake records	Reduced perception of acid reflux
Coffee
Price et al[103]	1978	USA	Population-based	66	Intraesophageal infusion of coffee, orange juice, spicy tomato drink and HCl	Worsened reflux symptoms
Stanghellini et al[101]	1999	Multinational	Cross-sectional	5581	Symptom and lifestyle questionnaire	No association
Boekema et al[104]	1999	Netherlands	Randomized controlled crossover study	15	24-h pH-monitoring and coffee and water drinking
Wang et al[96]	2004	China	Epidemiological	2789	Symptoms and risk factor questionnaire
Zheng et al[43]	2007	Sweden	Swedish Twin Registry	27 717	Questionnaire, telephone interview	Protective factor

Table 4 Physical activity and GERD-related clinical manifestations

Author	Year	Country	Study design	Population size	Method of data collection	Association/Effect
Vigorous/agonistic exercise
Clark et al[134]	1989	USA	Crossover	12 asymptomatic volunteers	pH-monitoring, 1 h exercise period (bicycling, running and weight routine)	Yes
Schoeman et al[132]	1995	Australia	Randomized controlled crossover	10 healthy subjects	Perfused sleeve sensor for 24 h during moderate physical activity, rest and sleep, standardized meals, and standardized exercise	Yes
Peters et al[135]	2000	Netherlands	Randomized controlled crossover	7 males triathletes	pH-monitoring, 50 min of running, cycling and supplementation of conventional sport drinks and tap water	Yes
Collings et al[128]	2003	USA	Case series	30 athletes	pH-monitoring, evaluation of clinical symptoms during standardized exercise	Yes
Pandolfino et al[129]	2004	USA	Case-control	20	pH-monitoring, 60 min of exercise (running and resistence exercise), upper endoscopy and manometry	Yes
Nandurkar et al[41]	2004	USA	Population-based, nested case-control	211	GERD, energy expediture, dietary intake questionnaires	Yes
Ravi et al[130]	2005	Ireland	Randomized controlled crossover	135	Esophageal manometry and pH-monitoring before, during and immediately after moderate exercise	Yes
Physical activity at work/postprandial exercise
Zheng et al[43]	2007	Sweden	Swedish Twin Registry	27 717	Questionnaire, telephone interview	Yes
Emerenziani et al[140]	2005	Belgium-Germany	Clinical trial	37 GERD pz	pH-impedance-monitoring, upper endoscopy, scintigraphic gastric emptying	Yes