Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from seal oils on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with hyperlipidemia

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of groups A and B (mean ± SD)

	Group A (n = 66)	Group B (n = 68)	P vaule
Age (yr)	45.00 ± 10.91	44.03 ± 11.30	0.74
Sex ratio (male/female)	47/19	50/18	0.76
Body height (cm)	169.07 ± 7.96	169.71 ± 7.89	0.88
Weight (kg)	75.71 ± 10.99	75.16 ± 11.33	0.93
BMI (kg/m2)	26.37 ± 3.12	25.96 ± 2.70	0.57
HR (/min)	75.57 ± 6.24	75.89 ± 6.58	0.32
Duration of NAFLD (mo)	22.32 ± 38.82	13.65 ± 20.00	0.55
SBP (mmHg)	126.59 ± 10.97	125.89 ± 9.87	0.58
DBP (mmHg)	82.26 ± 7.50	81.59 ± 8.02	0.81
HB (g/L)	143.31 ± 16.49	145.53 ± 15.52	0.58
RBC (× 1012/L)	4.71 ± 0.57	4.76 ± 0.61	0.84
WBC (× 109/L)	6.16 ± 1.58	6.52 ± 1.45	0.18
Platelet (× 109/L)	205.79 ± 49.43	195.78 ± 53.33	0.53
BUN (mmol/L)	5.30 ± 1.67	5.19 ± 1.57	0.63
Creatinine (μmol/L)	72.56 ± 15.27	76.69 ± 15.35	0.2
FBG (mmol/L)	5.89 ± 1.20	5.46 ± 1.82	0.43
Total symptom scores	1.87 ± 1.18	1.79 ± 0.45	0.23
Steatosis degree 0/1/2/3 (%)	0/30/56/14	0/37/48/15	0.63

BMI: Body mass index; HR: Heart rate; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; HB: Haematoglobin; RBC: Red blood cells; WBC: White blood cells; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; FBG: Fasting blood glucose.

Table 2 Liver enzymes, lipid parameters and ultrasound findings before and after treatment in groups A and B (mean ± SD)

Variables	Group A (n = 66)	Group B (n = 68)
At baseline
Total symptom scores	1.87 ± 1.18	1.79 ± 1.45
Serum ALT (U/L)	62.79 ± 35.92	79.76 ± 50.59
Serum AST (U/L)	38.13 ± 20.99	50.09 ± 39.05
Serum GGT (U/L)	72.53 ± 52.48	79.96 ± 5.27
Serum TCHO (mmol/L)	6.30 ± 0.83	5.91 ± 1.16
Serum TG (mmol/L)	3.94 ± 2.69	3.80 ± 2.85
Serum HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.01 ± 0.24	1.05 ± 0.33
Serum LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.26 ± 0.98	3.19 ± 0.92
Steatosis degree 0/1/2/3 (%)	0/30/56/14	0/37/48/15
At week 8
Total symptom scores	1.00 ± 0.96bc	1.23 ± 1.21b
Serum ALT (U/L)	50.81 ± 35.24bc	61.09 ± 40.30b
Serum AST (U/L)	35.25 ± 21.20a	39.84 ± 23.55a
Serum GGT (U/L)	57.82 ± 50.22a	79.97 ± 87.16
Serum TCHO (mmol/L)	5.81 ± 0.81ac	5.90 ± 0.97a
Serum TG (mmol/L)	2.86 ± 1.49b	3.17 ± 2.80b
Serum HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.04 ± 0.19	1.13 ± 0.24
Serum LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.16 ± 0.80a	3.16 ± 0.85
At week 12
Total symptom scores	0.66 ± 0.87bd	0.97 ± 1.10b
Serum ALT (U/L)	47.48 ± 33.30bc	55.17 ± 43.15b
Serum AST (U/L)	30.69 ± 16.80a	37.26 ± 19.57a
Serum GGT (U/L)	46.94 ± 35.38b	72.87 ± 73.30a
Serum TCHO (mmol/L)	5.66 ± 1.18a	5.74 ± 1.14a
Serum TG (mmol/L)	2.47 ± 1.75ac	2.80 ± 2.57a
Serum HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.12 ± 0.24a	1.15 ± 0.28a
Serum LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.10 ± 0.98a	3.14 ± 0.85
Steatosis degree 0/1/2/3 (%)	9/64/21/6a	9/59/26/6a
At week 16
Total symptom scores	0.40 ± 0.60bd	0.77 ± 1.07b
Serum ALT (U/L)	45.06 ± 34.23bc	44.13 ± 33.15b
Serum AST (U/L)	30.18 ± 15.40a	32.03 ± 16.51a
Serum GGT (U/L)	44.34 ± 39.50b	62.86 ± 78.00a
Serum TCHO (mmol/L)	5.69 ± 0.99a	5.68 ± 0.99a
Serum TG (mmol/L)	2.26 ± 1.26bd	2.64 ± 2.90b
Serum HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.13 ± 0.22a	1.22 ± 0.28a
Serum LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.12 ± 0.83a	3.12 ± 0.87
At week 24
Total symptom scores	0.42 ± 0.72bd	0.53 ± 0.97b
Serum ALT (U/L)	39.27 ± 18.94bd	42.32 ± 22.23b
Serum AST (U/L)	30.45 ± 12.67a	30.25 ± 14.21a
Serum GGT (U/L)	42.47 ± 26.84b	58.43 ± 36.21b
Serum TCHO (mmol/L)	5.08 ± 0.76a	5.21 ± 1.22a
Serum TG (mmol/L)	2.08 ± 1.03bd	2.33 ± 1.42b
Serum HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.25 ± 0.25a	1.20 ± 0.21a
Serum LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.12 ± 0.84a	3.11 ± 0.78
Steatosis degree 0/1/2/3 (%)	20/64/12/4bd	7/51/36/6a

TCHO: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; HDL-C: High density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01 vs baseline;

^cP < 0.05,

^dP < 0.01 vs group B.