Telerobotic-assisted laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection for low rectal cancer: Report of the first case in Hong Kong and China with an updated literature review

Table 1 Published case series and reports on telerobotic-assisted colorectal surgery using the da Vinci surgical system

First author (yr)	Country	Types and number of surgery					Operative time (min)	Conversion to open (number)	Complications
		RH	SC	AR/LAR	APR	Others
Hashizume et al[10] (2002)	Japan		1			1 ileocaecal resection (IC)	IC: 335	0	None
						1 left hemicolectomy (LH)	SC: 180
							LH: 265
Weber et al[11] (2002)	USA	1	1				RH: 228	0	None
							SC: 340
Giulianotti et al[12] (2003)	Italy	5	1	6	2	2 ileocaecal resections	Mean 211	0	1 leak after AR
Vibert et al[13] (2003)	France		1	1		1 Hartmann reversal (HR)	SC: 330	0	1 prolonged ileus after LAR
							LAR: 450
							HR: 360
Talamini et al[14] (2003)	USA					17 'bowel resections'	Not clear	Not clear	Not clear
Braumann et al[15] (2005)	Germany	1	2	2			Mean 201	2	None
Ruurda et al[16] (2005)	Netherlands					5 ileocaecal resections	Median 95	0	1 bowel injury during rectopexy
						2 sigmoid colostomies	Median 75		1 wound infection after IC
						16 rectopexies	Median 150
Rawlings et al[17] (2006)	USA	17	13				RH: 219	2	6 complications, including 2 bowel injuries and 1 leak
							SC: 225
Present case	Hong Kong, China				1		240	0	None

USA: United States of America; RH: Right hemicolectomy; SC: Sigmoid colectomy; AR: Anterior resection; LAR: Low anterior resection; APR: Abdominoperineal resection.

Table 2 Published studies comparing telerobotic-assisted colorectal surgery using the da Vinci surgical system versus conventional laparoscopic colorectal surgery

First author (yr)	Procedures	Number of patients	Total operative time	Blood loss (mL)	Complications	Hospital stay (d)	Remarks
Delaney et al[20] (2003)	RH, SC, rectopexies	Telerobotic 6	216.5 mina	100	1 atelectasis	3	Additional direct equipment costs of US$ 350 per case for telerobotic surgery
		Laparoscopic 6	150 mina	87.5	1 incisional hernia	2.5
D'Annibale et al[21] (2004)	Partial/total colectomies and rectal resections	Telerobotic 53	240 min	21	1 reoperation for bowel injury	10	Significantly longer setup time in the telerobotic group
		Laparoscopic 53	222 min	37	1 reoperation for bleeding	10
Woeste et al[22] (2005)	SC for sigmoid diverticulitis	Telerobotic 4	236.7c	60	1 (25%)	/	/
		Laparoscopic 23	172.4c	58.9	5 (21.7%)	/
Pigazzi et al[23] (2006)	TME for rectal cancer	Telerobotic 6	4.4 h	104	1 prolonged ileus	4.5	Telerobotic surgery caused less strain for surgeons
		Laparoscopic 6	4.3 h	150	1 pelvic abscess	3.6

RH: Right hemicolectomy; SC: Sigmoid colectomy; TME: Total mesorectal excision.

^aP < 0.05 by Mann-Whitney U test;

^cP < 0.05 by Student’s t-test. No significant differences were noted in all the other parameters.