Significant association of insulin and proinsulin with clustering of cardiovascular risk factors

Table 1 Anthropometric and biochemical characteristics of study population (mean±SD).

Variables	Male	Female	Total	T	P
AGE	46.78±7.93	46.62±7.79	46.69±7.85	0.36	0.719
SBP	126.26±19.92	122.23±20.54	124.03±20.36	3.413	0.001
DBP	81.09±12.47	77.23±10.79	78.95±11.73	5.737	0
FBG	4.48 (4.07-4.94)	4.42 (4.08-4.84)	4.58 (4.07-4.88)	0.492	0.623
CH	4.06 (3.50-4.71)	3.98 (3.45-4.59)	4.02 (3.48-4.63)	1.578	0.115
TG	0.83 (0.59-1.24)	0.77 (0.57-1.12)	0.79 (0.57-1.18)	1.957	0.051
HDL	1.04 (0.86-1.28)	1.07 (0.89-1.27)	1.06 (0.88-1.28)	-1.405	0.16
LDL	2.54 (2.09-3.02)	2.44 (2.05-2.88)	2.48 (2.06-2.95)	0.99	0.322
BMI	23.60±2.84	24.16±3.19	23.91±3.05	-3.128	0.002
WC	79.43±8.76	76.34±8.57	77.72±8.78	6.13	0
TI	4.24 (2.57-6.53)	5.45 (3.51-7.47)	4.91 (3.01-7.09)	-5.164	0
PI	3.39 (2.04-5.65)	3.58 (2.22-5.69)	3.49 (2.14-5.68)	-0.574	0.566

Table 2 ANCOVA analysis of TI and risk factors (age and sex are covariate).

Risk factors		N (M/F)	Median (QR)	F	P
Hypertension	Y	149/142	5.71 (3.78-7.86)	34.063	0
	N	384/521	4.60 (2.78-6.75)
Hyperglycemia	Y	17/22	7.50 (4.86-9.82)	12.116	0
	N	516/641	4.82 (2.97-7.02)
Obesity	Y	149/227	6.41 (4.39-8.46)	89.08	0
	N	382/436	4.24 (2.59-6.31)
Visceral obesity	Y	137/214	6.37 (4.54-8.31)	83.062	0
	N	395/449	4.25 (2.58-6.42)
High CH	Y	85/78	5.69 (3.66-8.19)	9.638	0.002
	N	448/585	4.76 (2.96-6.97)
High LDL	Y	72/79	5.55 (3.19-7.84)	5.301	0.021
	N	460/579	4.79 (2.97-7.00)
High TG	Y	66/74	6.94 (4.89-8.62)	39.522	0
	N	467/589	4.64 (2.82-6.76)
Low HDL	Y	258/297	5.31 (3.19-7.57)	8.829	0.003
	N	275/366	4.63 (2.82-6.69)
Risk factor score	0	134/180	3.81 (2.54-5.84)	21.136	0
	1	170/220	4.59 (2.79-6.63)
	2	123/151	5.19 (3.19-7.16)
	3	56/65	6.15 (4.23-7.92)
	4	29/27	7.75 (5.53-9.45)
	≥5	18/15	7.81 (5.74-10.20)

M/F, male/female; Y or N, presence or absence of risk factors.

Table 3 ANCOVA analysis of PI and risk factors (age and sex are covariate).

Risk factors		N (M/F)	Median (QR)	F	P
Hypertension	Y	149/142	4.24(2.49-6.66)	20.523	0
	N	384/521	3.34(2.02-5.31)
Hyperglycemia	Y	17/22	11.20(7.54-17.52)	78.858	0
	N	516/641	3.43(2.04-5.36)
Obesity	Y	149/227	4.70(2.93-7.46)	70.508	0
	N	382/436	3.13(1.84-4.72)
Visceral obesity	Y	137/214	4.67(3.05-7.56)	69.619	0
	N	395/449	3.13(1.83-4.86)
High CH	Y	85/78	4.72(2.89-7.01)	25.807	0
	N	448/585	3.36(2.02-5.32)
High LDL	Y	72/79	4.35(2.62-6.65)	15.775	0
	N	460/579	3.40(2.04-5.39)
High TG	Y	66/74	5.37(3.63-8.57)	54.298	0
	N	467/589	3.31(1.99-5.30)
Low HDL	Y	258/297	3.76(2.38-5.96)	12.049	0.001
	N	275/366	3.29(1.95-5.31)
Risk factor score	0	134/180	2.77(1.61-4.29)	27.29	0
	1	170/220	3.15(2.02-5.03)
	2	123/151	3.97(2.39-6.03)
	3	56/65	4.56(3.04-7.19)
	4	29/27	6.18(3.83-11.39)
	≥5	18/15	6.89(4.45-12.30)

M/F, male/female; Y or N, presence or absence of risk factors.

Table 4 Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis with TI as a dependent variable.

Parameter	Unstandardized coefficients		Standardized coefficients (Beta)	T	P
	B	SE
Constant	-1.677	1.52	——	-1.103	0.27
Risk factor score	0.41	0.102	0.156	4.036	0
FBG	0.558	0.112	0.142	4.992	0
Sex	0.836	0.248	0.094	3.375	0.001
BMI	0.162	0.052	0.111	3.121	0.002
TG	0.196	0.093	0.063	2.108	0.035
AGE	-3.18E-02	0.016	-0.056	-2.003	0.045

Table 5 Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis with PI as a dependent variable.

Parameter	Unstandardized coefficients		Standardized coefficients (Beta)	T	P
	B	SE
Constant	-3.915	1.281	——	-3.058	0.002
FBG	1.095	0.093	0.316	11.741	0
Risk factors score	0.326	0.091	0.141	3.596	0
BMI	0.165	0.043	0.128	3.856	0
AGE	-4.80E-02	0.013	-0.097	-3.632	0
TG	0.281	0.084	0.103	3.346	0.001
LDL	0.321	0.158	0.062	2.034	0.042