Inhibition of growth and metastasis of human gastric cancer implanted in nude mice by d-limonene

Table 1 Inhibition effects of d-limonene on growth of orthotopic transplanted gastric tumor (mean ± SD)

Groups	n	Tumor mass (g)	Inhibition rate (%)	AI (%)	MVD (n)	VEGF(%)
Control	8	2.69 ± 0.32	0	3.31 ± 1.44	18.64 ± 2.81	45.77 ± 4.79
5-FU	9	2.62 ± 0.35	2.60	8.26 ± 1.21a	16.77 ± 1.39	41.34 ± 5.41
d-limonene	10	1.41 ± 0.58ac	47.58ac	20.99 ± 2.84ac	5.32 ± 4.26ac	29.71 ± 8.92ac
Combined	9	1.43 ± 0.51ad	46.84ac	19.34 ± 3.19ac	5.86 ± 2.27ac	28.24 ± 8.55ac

^aP < 0.05 vs control group;

^cP < 0.05 vs 5-FU group.

Table 2 The Inhibitory effects of d-limonene on orthtopic transplanted gastric cancer (%)

Group	n	Peritoneum metastasis	Liver metastasis	Ascites	Metastasis to other organs
Control	8	8 (100.0)	7 (87.5)	2 (25.0)	1 (12.5)
5-FU	9	7 (77.8)	5 (55.5)	2 (22.2)	1 (11.1)
d-limonene	10	2 (20.0)ac	2 (20.0)ac	0ac	0
Combined	9	3 (33.3)ac	2 (22.2)ac	0ac	0

^aP < 0.05 vs control group;

^cP < 0.05 vs 5-FU group.