Published online Jul 14, 2022. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i26.3218
Peer-review started: February 3, 2022
First decision: April 10, 2022
Revised: April 22, 2022
Accepted: June 15, 2022
Article in press: June 15, 2022
Published online: July 14, 2022
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) cirrhosis is the second most common indication for liver transplantation (LT). The role of body mass index (BMI) on outcomes of NASH cirrhosis has been conflicting.
To compare the longitudinal trajectories of patients with lean vs obese NASH cirrhosis, from listing up to post-transplant, having adjusted their BMI for ascites.
We retrospectively reviewed all adult NASH patients listed for LT in our program from 2012 to 2019. Fine-Gray Competing Risk analyses and Cox Proportional-Hazard Models were performed to examine the cumulative incidence of trans
Out of 265 NASH cirrhosis listed patients, 176 were included. Median age was 61.0 years; 46% were females. 111 patients underwent LT. Obese robust patients had better waitlist survival [hazard ratio (HR): 0.12; 95%CI: 0.05–0.29, P < 0.0001] with higher instantaneous rate of transplant (HR: 5.71; 95%CI: 1.26–25.9, P = 0.02). Lean NASH patients had a substantially higher risk of graft loss within 90 d post-LT (1.2% vs 13.8%, P = 0.032) and death post-LT (2.4% vs 17.2%, P = 0.029). 1- 3- and 5-year graft survival was poor for lean NASH (78.6%, 77.3% and 41.7% vs 98.6%, 96% and 85% respectively). Overall patient survival post-LT was significantly worse in lean NASH (HR: 0.17; 95%CI: 0.03–0.86, P = 0.0142) with 83% lower instantaneous rate of death in obese group.
Although lean NASH is considered to be more benign than obese NASH, our study suggests a paradoxical correlation of lean NASH with waitlist outcomes, and graft and patient survival post-LT.
Core Tip: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis continues to rise as an indication for liver transplantation (LT). In this study, we analyzed our single-center data of adult patients listed for LT between 2012 and 2019 and reported their outcomes on the waitlist as well as post-LT based on their body mass index.
- Citation: Qazi-Arisar FA, Uchila R, Chen C, Yang C, Chen SY, Karnam RS, Azhie A, Xu W, Galvin Z, Selzner N, Lilly L, Bhat M. Divergent trajectories of lean vs obese non-alcoholic steatohepatitis patients from listing to post-transplant: A retrospective cohort study. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28(26): 3218-3231
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v28/i26/3218.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v28.i26.3218
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) cirrhosis is currently the second most common indication for liver transplantation (LT) and is on track to become the leading indication by 2030 in the United States[1,2]. The ability to cure hepatitis C with antivirals and the twin epidemics of diabetes and obesity have fueled the rise of NASH as an indication for LT worldwide.
NASH patients are often older at presentation and have some or all the components of metabolic syndrome such as diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and NASH have also been described in the absence of obesity[3]. About 25% of all NAFLD patients exhibit this lean phenotype[4]. However, the role of body mass index (BMI) on outcomes of NASH cirrhosis has been conflicting. Several studies have disproved the perception of NAFLD being a 'milder' condition in lean individuals. In fact, lean patients with NASH have been shown to have more severe liver disease, more advanced fibrosis, shorter waitlist survival, and poorer post-transplant graft and patient survival[5-8].
However, these retrospective studies have been limited by their ability to accurately interpret BMI and the paucity of specific details regarding waitlist and post-transplant outcomes such as car
The study was approved by the Research Ethics Board of the University Health Network (Toronto, Canada).
This was a single-centre retrospective study of all NASH cirrhosis patients listed for LT between November 12, 2012, and May 31, 2019, in the Multi-Organ Transplant Program at the University Health Network in Toronto, Canada. The study's start date was decided as November 13, 2012, as our program transitioned to the model for end stage liver disease (MELD)-Na system for listing on that day. All patients were followed until May 31, 2020, yielding a minimum follow-up of 1 year. In our program, NASH cirrhosis was diagnosed either based on findings of significant steatosis on histopathology (pre-transplant liver biopsy or explant pathology), or the presence of risk factors (diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome) in the absence of significant alcohol consumption and evidence of other etiology on serology or histopathology.
We excluded candidates listed for hepatocellular carcinoma with exception points, all other candidates listed with exception points, patients with fulminant liver failure, NASH concomitant with a secondary etiology of chronic liver disease (such as alcohol, viral, autoimmune hepatitis, or cryptogenic cirrhosis), multiorgan transplants and those relisted for transplantation.
Data collected from the database on each recipient at the time of listing included age, gender, height, weight, BMI, Na MELD, Creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), biochemical parameters (bilirubin, albumin, international normalized ratio), frailty using clinical frailty scale, complications of cirrhosis including the severity of ascites and associated comorbidities were collected. The severity of ascites (mild, moderate, or severe) is graded according to what was recorded in the patient's clinical notes as determined either by physical or more often by radiological examination. Duration on the waitlist, intensive care unit (ICU) stay, sepsis, outcomes on the waitlist, reasons for delisting, and cause of death were also collected. Post-transplant data includes the type of transplant, re-hospitalization within 90 d, recurrence of NAFLD and NASH, time to recurrent NAFLD or NASH, metabolic, cardiovascular, and biliary complications, BMI at 1 and 5 years, patient, and graft survival details.
The above data was collected from the Organ Transplant Tracking Registry software, an internal transplant database linked to the electronic medical record of all patients evaluated at the University Health Network.
Our primary outcomes included patient and graft survival at 90 d, 1- 3- and 5 years.
The adjusted BMI was calculated by evaluating the patient's dry weight, which is estimated by post-paracentesis body weight, or weight recorded before fluid retention if available, or by subtracting a percentage of weight based upon the severity of ascites (mild 5%; moderate 10%; severe 15%) as performed in several studies. The dry-weight BMI or adjusted BMI was then calculated by dividing the patient’s estimated dry weight (kg) by the square of the patient’s height (m) as performed in several studies[10,11]. We categorized the variable of calculated adjusted BMI at listing into two groups: Group 1 comprising of overweight (BMI ≥ 25 and < 30 kg/m2) or obese group (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) and Group 2 comprising of underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2) or normal (≥ 18.5 and < 25 kg/m2) BMI group.
Adjusted BMI was determined for all the listed patients. The cohort of patients was analyzed according to their weight category.
A two-sided test with an overall sample size of 153 subjects (51 in the underweight or normal group, and 102 in the overweight or obese group) achieved 80% power at a 0.05 significance level when the estimated hazard ratio (HR) for the overall survival was 0.5 with the null hypothesis of HR = 1. To account for drop-offs, final sample size was increased to 54 and 122. These results assume that the HR was constant throughout the study and that Cox proportional hazards (PH) regression was used to analyze the data.
Descriptive statistics were performed for demographic and clinical variables. Counts and proportions were calculated for categorical variables and the differences between patients with lean vs obese NASH were compared using the Chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test. Mean ± SD and median (range) were calculated for continuous variables and the differences between the two groups were compared using two-sample t-tests or Wilcoxon tests, depending on the distribution of the data.
Cumulative incidence of transplant by lean vs obese NASH was plotted and group differences were compared using Gray k-sample test and Fine-Gray Competing risk models. Kaplan-Meier plots for waitlist survival and post-transplant survival were also plotted and differences between patients with lean and obese NASH were compared using log-rank tests and Cox PH models. Complete-case analyses were performed on observations with complete sets of data while the data for observations that has one or more missing values were removed.
Sample size was calculated using PASS (Power Analysis and Sample Size Software) 2021. (NCSS, LLC. Kaysville, Utah, United States, ncss.com/software/pass). SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary NC) was used to perform statistical analyses. Statistical significance was defined as a P value of ≤ 0.05.
Out of 265 patients listed for NASH cirrhosis, 176 met the eligibility criteria. The median age was 61 (32–71.4) years; 46% were females. A total of 111 patients underwent LT, 78 deceased donor LT (DDLT), and 33 living donor LT (LDLT). Table 1 describes the pre-LT clinical and laboratory variables.
| Total (n = 176) | BMI groups after ascites correction | P value | ||
| Overweight or obese (n = 122) | Underweight or normal (n = 54) | |||
| Age at listing, median (range) years | 61.0 (32.0–71.4) | 60.3 (32.0–71.4) | 61.6 (45.2–71.0) | 0.048a |
| Age at end of listing, median (range) years | 61.0 (32.0–72.0) | 61.0 (32.0–71.0) | 62.0 (48.0–72.0) | 0.09 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 81 (46.02) | 53 (43.44) | 28 (51.85) | 0.30 |
| Height at listing, median (range) cm | 168.0 (148.0–193.0) | 168.0 (148.0–188.0) | 168.0 (150.0–193.0) | 0.23 |
| Weight at listing, median (range) kg | 88.3 (39.6–146.5) | 94.9 (69.0–146.5) | 72.0 (39.6–94.2) | < 0.001c |
| Ascites adjusted weight at listing, median (range) kg | 77.4 (33.7–140.0) | 85.1 (60.5–140.0) | 64.4 (33.7–80.1) | < 0.001c |
| Weight at end of listing, median (range) kg | 86.9 (39.6–161.8) | 92.9 (50.7–161.8) | 73.9 (39.6–94.2) | < 0.001c |
| BMI at listing, median (range) kg/m2 | 31.0 (17.6–48.9) | 33.7 (25.6–48.9) | 25.4 (17.6–30.8) | < 0.001c |
| Ascites adjusted BMI at listing, median (range) kg/m2 | 27.4 (15.0–45.3) | 29.2 (25.0–45.3) | 22.6 (15.0–24.9) | < 0.001c |
| Na MELD (at listing), median (range) | 22.0 (10.0–48.0) | 21.0 (11.0–48.0) | 22.0 (10.0–43.0) | 0.34 |
| Na MELD at end of listing, median (range) | 23.0 (6.0–45.0) | 23.0 (6.0–44.0) | 23.0 (10.0–45.0) | 0.41 |
| Creatinine at listing, median (range) μmol/L | 98.5 (51.0–564.0) | 96.5 (55.0–564.0) | 103.0 (51.0–399.0) | 0.50 |
| Creatinine at end of listing, median (range) μmol/L | 112.5 (44.0–719.0) | 115.0 (44.0–719.0) | 109.0 (49.0–483.0) | 0.50 |
| eGFR at listing, median (range) mL/min/1.73 m2 | 63.0 (17.0–120.0) | 65.5 (18.0–117.0) | 56.0 (17.0–120.0) | 0.11 |
| eGFR at end of listing, median (range) mL/min/1.73 m2 | 52.5 (17.0–116.0) | 57.0 (17.0–116.0) | 48.0 (20.0–98.0) | 0.017a |
| Bilirubin at listing, median (range) μmol/L | 49.0 (8.0–955.0) | 51.0 (8.0–755.0) | 45.5 (14.0–955.0) | 0.11 |
| Bilirubin at end of listing, median (range) μmol/L | 56.5 (3.0–927.0) | 58.0 (8.0–927.0) | 50.0 (3.0–802.0) | 0.19 |
| INR at listing, median (range) | 1.5 (1.1–4.7) | 1.5 (1.1–4.7) | 1.5 (1.1–3.9) | 0.05 |
| INR at end of listing, median (range) | 1.7 (1.1–7.6) | 1.7 (1.1–7.6) | 1.8 (1.1–5.0) | 0.46 |
| Na at listing, median (range) mEq/L | 134.0 (116.0–147.0) | 135.0 (120.0–147.0) | 133.0 (116.0–142.0) | 0.014a |
| Na at end of listing, median (range) mEq/L | 135.0 (116.0–159.0) | 135.0 (116.0–159.0) | 134.0 (120.0–152.0) | 0.10 |
| Albumin at listing, median (range) g/L | 30.5 (9.0 – 47.0) | 29.5 (20.0–47.0) | 31.0 (9.0–42.0) | 0.08 |
| Albumin at end of listing, median (range) g/L | 30.0 (10.0–54.0) | 30.0 (12.0–54.0) | 30.0 (10.0–50.0) | 0.28 |
| Frailty score (n = 159), median (range) | 4.0 (2.0–8.0) | 4.0 (2.0–8.0) | 5.0 (3.0–8.0) | 0.25 |
| None to mild, n (%) | 116 (72.96) | 78 (71.56) | 38 (76) | 0.56 |
| Moderate to severe, n (%) | 43 (27.04) | 31 (28.44) | 12 (24) | |
| Missing, n (%) | 17 (9.66) | 13 (10.66) | 4 (7.41) | |
| Encephalopathy, n (%) | 141 (80.11) | 99 (81.15) | 42 (77.78) | 0.61 |
| Ascites, n (%) | 161 (91.48) | 109 (089.34) | 052 (096.30) | 0.15 |
| Degree of ascites, n (%) | ||||
| None | 14 (07.95) | 13 (10.66) | 1 (1.85) | 0.030a |
| Mild | 41 (23.30) | 30 (24.59) | 11 (20.37) | |
| Moderate | 30 (17.05) | 24 (019.67) | 6 (11.11) | |
| Severe | 91 (51.70) | 55 (45.08) | 36 (66.67) | |
| Need for LVP, n (%) | 103 (58.86) | 64 (52.89) | 39 (72.22) | 0.016a |
| SBP, n (%) | 46 (26.44) | 33 (27.05) | 13 (25.00) | 0.78 |
| Variceal bleed, n (%) | 53 (30.11) | 34 (27.87) | 19 (35.19) | 0.33 |
| Hepatorenal syndrome, n (%) | 48 (27.27) | 30 (24.59) | 18 (33.33) | 0.23 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 80 (45.45) | 58 (47.54) | 22 (40.74) | 0.40 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 104 (59.09) | 68 (55.74) | 36 (66.67) | 0.17 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 57 (32.39) | 35 (28.69) | 22 (40.74) | 0.12 |
| CKD, n (%) | 18 (10.23) | 12 (9.84) | 6 (11.11) | 0.80 |
| CAD, n (%) | 29 (16.48) | 22 (18.03) | 7 (12.96) | 0.40 |
| Time on waiting list, median (range) days | 136.0 (1.0–1566.0) | 139.5 (1.0–1497.0) | 117.0 (1.0–1566.0) | 0.42 |
| ICU stay within 90 d before end of listing, n (%) | 30 (17.05) | 21 (17.21) | 9 (16.67) | 0.93 |
| No of hospitalizations within 90 d before end of listing, median (range), n (%) | 1.0 (0.0–5.0) | 1.0 (0.0–5.0) | 1.0 (0.0–5.0) | 0.42 |
| < 2 | 151 (85.80) | 105 (86.07) | 46 (85.19) | 0.88 |
| ≥ 2 | 25 (14.20) | 17 (13.93) | 8 (14.81) | |
| Bacteraemia/sepsis within 90 d before end of listing, n (%) | 19 (11.66) | 12 (10.62) | 7 (14.00) | 0.54 |
| Outcome, n (%) | ||||
| Active living | 1 (0.57) | 1 (0.82) | 0 (00) | 0.26 |
| De-listed | 22 (12.50) | 14 (11.48) | 8 (14.81) | |
| Died | 42 (23.86) | 25 (20.49) | 17 (31.48) | |
| Transplanted | 111 (63.07) | 82 (67.21) | 29 (53.70) | |
| Type of LT received, n (%) | ||||
| DDLT | 78 (70.27) | 57 (69.51) | 21 (72.41) | 0.77 |
| LDLT | 33 (29.73) | 25 (30.49) | 8 (27.59) | |
Correcting for ascites volume resulted in patients moving into a lower BMI classification among all groups except the underweight group (BMI < 18 kg/m2). The change was larger among patients in the higher BMI groups with 72.2%, 62.9%, and 78.1% of patients moved to a lower BMI group from Obesity classes 3, 2, and 1, respectively as shown in Table 2.
| Reduction in BMI after ascites correction | Original/uncorrected | Unchanged | ||||
| Underweight | Normal | Overweight | Obesity 1 | Obesity 2 | ||
| Underweight, 2 (1.1%) | 2 (100%) | |||||
| 5 (22.73%) | Normal, 22 (12.5%) | 17 (77.27%) | ||||
| 29 (55.77%) | Overweight, 52 (29.55%) | 23 (44.23%) | ||||
| 1 (1.82%) | 42 (76.36%) | Obesity 1, 55 (31.25%) | 12 (21.82%) | |||
| 17 (62.96%) | Obesity 2, 27 (15.34%) | 10 (37.04%) | ||||
| 2 (11.11%) | 11 (61.11%) | Obesity 3, 18 (10.23%) | 5 (27.78%) | |||
| All BMI group had some level of decrease after correctionEspecially higher BMI groups have more % reduction | Total (n = 176) | % of unchanged are higher among low BMI groups | ||||
Patients in lean NASH group were elderly at time of listing (median age 61.6 years vs 60.3 years, P = 0.048), had worse renal functions at end of listing (median eGFR 48 mL/min/1.73 m2 vs 57 mL/min/1.73 m2, P = 0.017), carried more severe ascites (66.6% vs 45%, P = 0.03) and were more paracentesis dependent (72.2% vs 52.9%, P = 0.016). Other characteristics such as sex, clinical frailty scale, and frequency of complications were similar between the two groups.
Patients in the overweight/obese group spent a median of 139.5 d on the waitlist which was not dissimilar to the 117 d spent by their counterparts in the lean group. Waitlist events such as episodes of sepsis and ICU stay were similar in the two groups. With regards to waitlist outcomes, a similar number of patients were de-listed or transplanted in both groups. More patients belonging to the lean NASH group compared to the obese group died (31.5% vs 20.5%, P = 0.26); however, the difference was not significant. Time to death or delisting was similar in both obese and lean groups (HR: 0.83; 95%CI: 0.46–1.50, P = 0.53). However, when sub-grouped based on BMI and frailty, patients with obese NASH and none/mild frailty had better survival than lean NASH with moderate to severe frailty (HR: 0.12; 95%CI: 0.05–0.29, P < 0.0001) (Figure 1).
With regards to transplant data, a comparable number of patients underwent DDLT and LDLT in both obese and lean groups (DDLT: 69.5% in overweight/obese group and 72.4% in the lean group; P = 0.77). The cumulative incidence of transplant was equal in both groups (HR: 1.33; 95%CI: 0.87–2.05, P = 0.16). However, obese NASH patients with none/mild frailty had a significantly better instantaneous rate of transplant than lean NASH with moderate to severe frailty (HR: 5.71; 95%CI: 1.26–25.9, P = 0.02) (Figure 2). The Median cold ischemia time in obese patients undergoing DDLT was significantly longer than that of lean patients (465 min vs 330.5 min, P = 0.024).
Compared to listing, the obese group had a significant reduction in BMI 1 year post-transplant (β = -2.08, SE = 0.87, P = 0.006). At 5-year post-transplant, the overweight or obese group's BMI returned to the same level as listing time (β = 1.80, SE = 1.54, P = 0.52). No change in BMI was observed in the underweight or normal group (overall P = 0.3) (Figure 3). There was no difference in post-transplant parameters such as 90-d rehospitalization, biliary complications or recurrence of NASH in lean vs obese groups. However, renal function was significantly better in lean NASH patients at 5 years (median creatinine 111 μmol/L vs 153.5 μmol/L, P = 0.019) (Table 3).
| Total (n = 111) | BMI after ascites correction | P value | ||
| Overweight or obese (n = 82) | Underweight or normal (n = 29) | |||
| Biliary stricture, n (%) | 22 (19.8) | 16 (19.5) | 6 (20.7) | 0.97 |
| Biliary leak, n (%) | 10 (9) | 7 (8.5) | 3 (10.3) | 1.0 |
| Hepatic artery thrombosis, n (%) | 2 (1.8) | 0 (0) | 2 (6.9) | 0.07 |
| 90-d re-hospitalization (n = 103), n (%) | 23 (22.3) | 17 (22.6) | 6 (21.4) | 0.89 |
| Recurrent NAFLD, n (%) | 57 (51.4) | 44 (53.7) | 13 (44.8) | 0.59 |
| Time to recurrent NAFLD, median (range) days | 568 (13–2135) | 489 (13–1821) | 757 (80–2135) | 0.21 |
| Recurrent NASH, n (%) | 7 (6.3) | 5 (6.1) | 2 (6.9) | 1.0 |
| Time to recurrent NASH, median (range) days | 812 (363–1119) | 802 (363–1119) | 957.5 (812–1103) | 0.28 |
| BMI at 1 yr (n = 83), median (range) kg/m2 | 30.3 (19.2–44.0) | 31.7 (23.2–44.0) | 26.1 (19.2–34.2) | < 0.001c |
| BMI at 5 yr (n = 17), median (range) kg/m2 | 33.9 (20.3–47.9) | 35.1 (26.6 – 47.9) | 27.0 (20.3–31.5) | 0.004b |
| Creatinine at 1 yr (n = 70), median (range) μmol/L | 114.0 (54.0–279.0) | 117.5 (63.0–279.0) | 106.0 (54.0–178.0) | 0.21 |
| Creatinine at 5 yr (n = 19), median (range) μmol/L | 143.0 (67.0-257.0) | 153.5 (78.0–257.0) | 111.0 (67.0–127.0) | 0.019a |
| Diabetes at 1 yr (n = 82), n (%) | 36 (43.9) | 27 (45.8) | 9 (39.1) | 0.59 |
| Diabetes at 5 yr (n = 20), n (%) | 10 (50) | 8 (53.3) | 2 (40) | 0.72 |
| Hypertension at 1 yr (n = 83), n (%) | 44 (53) | 33 (55) | 11 (47.8) | 0.56 |
| Hypertension at 5 yr (n = 20), n (%) | 12 (60) | 10 (66.7) | 2 (40) | 0.35 |
| Cardiovascular events post LT, n (%) | 22 (19.8) | 14 (17) | 8 (27.6) | 0.45 |
| Fibroscan Elastography (n = 48), median (range) kPa | 6.4 (2.3–21.8) | 6.8 (3.5–21.8) | 4.8 (2.3–14.5) | 0.011a |
| Fibroscan CAP (n = 48), median (range) dB/m | 286.5 (181.0–400.0) | 298.0 (198.0–400.0) | 283.5 (181.0–400.0) | 0.26 |
| Graft loss within 90 d post LT, n (%) | 5 (4.5) | 1 (1.2) | 4 (13.8) | 0.032a |
| Graft survival post LT 1 yr (n = 101), n (%) | 94 (93.1) | 72 (98.6) | 22 (78.6) | 0.002b |
| Graft survival post LT 3 yr (n = 72), n (%) | 65 (90.3) | 48 (96) | 17 (77.3) | 0.025a |
| Graft survival post LT 5 yr (n = 32), n (%) | 22 (68.8) | 17 (85) | 5 (41.7) | 0.018a |
| Deaths post LT, n (%) | 7 (6.3) | 2 (2.4) | 5 (17.2) | 0.029a |
| Time to death post LT (n = 7), median (range) days | 224 (13–1176) | 192.5 (20–365) | 224 (13–1176) | 0.42 |
| Death within 90 d post-LT, n (%) | 2 (1.8) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (3.4) | 0.38 |
| Patient survival at 1 yr (n = 108), n (%) | 104 (96.3) | 78 (98.7) | 26 (89.7) | 0.06 |
| Patient survival at 3 yr (n = 97), n (%) | 66 (91.7) | 48 (96) | 18 (81.8) | 0.07 |
| Patient survival at 5 yr (n = 32), n (%) | 25 (78.1) | 18 (90) | 7 (58.3) | 0.07 |
The graft loss within 90 d post-transplant (1.2% vs 13.8%, P = 0.032) and death following transplant (2.4% vs 17.2%, P = 0.029) were significantly higher in lean patients compared to obese patients. The 1- 3- and 5-year graft survivals were significantly worse for lean patients 98.6%, 96% and 85% vs 78.6%, 77.3% and 41.7% respectively, all P < 0.05) (Table 3). There was a trend toward worse 1- 3- and 5-year patient survival (98.7%, 96% and 90% vs 89.7%, 81.8% and 58.3%; P = 0.06, 0.07 and 0.07 respectively). The two groups were analysed to compare patient survival using Kaplan Meier Survival Plots and Cox PH models, which noted a statistically significant difference in overall survival between the two groups (HR: 0.17; 95%CI: 0.03–0.86, P = 0.0142). The instantaneous rate of death in the overweight/obese group was 83% lower than those in the underweight/normal weight group (Figure 4).
Our study highlights the paradoxical impact of pretransplant BMI on the survival of NASH patients post-liver transplant, with lean NASH patients demonstrating inferior 90-d, 1- 3- and 5-year graft survival, and overall patient survival.
Lean NAFLD prevalence varies from 12% to 20% depending on the population. The presence of comorbid conditions such as components of metabolic syndrome along with older age increases the morbidity and mortality of NASH cirrhotic patients. However, it is unclear if the same applies to lean NASH. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is less common in lean NAFLD patients as compared to obese[4,12-14]. A long-term follow-up study showed that biopsy-proven lean NAFLD patients are more likely to develop severe liver disease (F3/F4) than overweight patients[5]. Literature is scant about the outcomes of lean NASH while on the waiting list for LT. A study comprising of 1090 patients revealed shorter cumulative survival in lean NAFLD compared to non-lean NAFLD (log-rank test = 5.6; P < 0.02)[6] In a recent study, morbid obesity and diabetes were related to an increased risk of drop out of NASH patients from the waiting list[15].
Frailty, a common complication of cirrhosis, is seen more frequently in NASH cirrhosis patients as compared to other etiologies such as alcoholic liver disease[16]. Frailty has previously been shown to determine a patient’s overall health, the number of hospitalizations, length of hospital stay, delisting, and waitlist mortality[17-21]. especially in patients older than 65 years of age[22] independent of portosystemic encephalopathy or ascites[23]. However, the impact of frailty in the NASH cohort was not assessed. In a multicentre study, frailty was associated with a 2-fold higher risk of wait-list mortality among nonobese/class 1 obese patients, while more than 3-fold higher risk of wait-list mortality among class 2 or greater obese liver transplant candidates[24]. However, NASH comprised only 17.5% of their patient population, while BMI was not corrected for ascites which was present in 37.1% of their patients. In a retrospective analysis, a higher frailty score was associated with an increased risk of delisting in NASH patients (HR: 1.46; 95%CI: 1.06–2.03, P = 0.02)[16]. In our study, lean NASH patients with frailty had poor survival (HR: 0.12; 95%CI: 0.05–0.29, P < 0.0001) with lower instantaneous rate of transplant (HR: 5.71; 95%CI: 1.26–25.9, P = 0.02). Therefore, the convergence of frailty with lean NASH led to significantly worse outcomes on the waitlist as well as in the early period post-transplant.
Though lean NAFLD is considered to be benign, the dysfunctional adipose tissue, in particular, visceral adiposity is related with increase cardiometabolic risk in lean NAFLD. Further, alterations in TM6SF2, a gene conferring susceptibility to NASH and fibrosis, are shown to be increased in lean NAFLD than obese NAFLD patients. However, there is a paucity of data on post-transplant outcomes in lean patients specifically[25]. In the post-transplant setting, a pivotal study looking at the patients on the UNOS database revealed that both short- and long-term survivals were low in patients who were morbidly obese before transplantation, owing to adverse cardiovascular events[26]. However, none of the patients in this study belonged to the NASH group. On the contrary, obesity was noted to paradoxically favour the NASH patients compared to their non-NASH counterparts. A recent study found that lean patients have both poorer graft and patient survival than their obese counterparts[7]. However, they did not adjust the BMI for ascites, whereas elevated BMI might have reflected fluid overload instead of true obesity. There is still much that is not known or understood, and hence it is challenging to explain the underlying molecular mechanisms linking lean NASH with worse outcomes post LT. Nonetheless, our study also confirms the enigmatic effect of obesity in the NASH subset. This study also highlighted the importance of correcting BMI for ascites. Despite correcting BMI for ascites, 69% of NASH patients belong to the overweight/obese group.
NASH has been associated with metabolic syndrome-related complications such as cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease (CKD)[27]. Post-transplant the risk of metabolic complications increases further owing to the immunosuppressive medications. Furthermore, calcineurin inhibitors carry direct nephrotoxic effects. In general, obese NAFLD patients appear to have a higher risk of developing CKD than non-obese[28]. In post-LT patients, obesity has been identified as a risk for post-operative severe acute kidney injury[29] as well as renal disease progression needing a kidney transplant after LT[30]. We further augmented this data by showing that median creatinine in our obese patients was significantly higher than in lean patients at 5 years (153.5 μmol/L vs 111 μmol/L, P = 0.019). The incidence of diabetes and hypertension were numerically higher in the obese group at 1 and 5 years, however, this difference was statistically insignificant. Further, the incidence of cardiovascular events was also not significantly different among the two groups. Further expansion of follow-up to 10 years might show a statistically meaningful difference. However, this analysis was not possible in the current study. Given the selection criteria with the start of the study from November 2012, none of the patients has achieved the 10-year benchmark yet.
This study has been limited by its retrospective design, smaller sample size, and lack of a comparison group from a non-NASH subset. We also acknowledge the limitation of missing data given the retrospective design, transfer of care to other local centres post-transplant, and a limited number of patients achieving the 5-year benchmark. The results of this study should be interpreted cautiously as it does not suggest the listing of all morbidly obese NASH cirrhotic patients for liver transplant. Nonetheless, under current practice, outcomes of carefully selected NASH patients with higher BMI are better than their lean counterparts. This conundrum could have been explained by improvement in patient selection protocols, post-transplant critical care support, and immunosuppressive treatment. Future larger studies would be required to validate the generalizability of our findings. Moreover, there is need of identifying the factors such as genetic variants, and body fat distribution/visceral adiposity, which can play role in this paradox.
Lean NASH is associated with adverse outcomes on the waiting list as well as early post-transplant, in conjunction with often comorbid frailty. Our study emphasizes the need to actively support the nutritional and physical functional status of lean NASH patients on the waiting list. Post-transplant, all NASH patients should have active lifestyle counselling regarding a healthy diet and regular exercise to improve long-term cardiometabolic outcomes.
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) cirrhosis is the second leading indication for liver transplantation (LT). There is a conflicted role of body mass index (BMI) on outcomes of NASH cirrhosis while on waitlist and post liver transplant.
There are few reports on the waitlist and post liver transplant outcomes of lean vs obese NASH patients, and the impact of ascites adjusted BMI have not been fully clarified.
The objective of this study was to compare the longitudinal trajectories of patients with lean vs obese NASH cirrhosis, from listing up to post-transplant, having adjusted their BMI for ascites.
A retrospective analysis of all adult NASH patients listed for LT at the University Health Network, Toronto between November 2012 and May 2019 was performed. We summarized the clinical characteristics of patients with lean and obese NASH. Competing risk analyses and Cox Proportional Hazard models were used to assess the cumulative incidence of transplant and survival outcomes.
Out of 265 patients listed for NASH cirrhosis, 176 were included. The median age was 61 (32–71.4) years; 46% were females. 111 patients underwent LT. Lean NASH patients were elderly at time of listing (median age 61.6 years vs 60.3 years, P = 0.048), worse renal functions at end of listing (median estimated glomerular filtration 48 mL/min/1.73 m2 vs 57 mL/min/1.73 m2, P = 0.017), carried more severe ascites (66.6% vs 45%, P = 0.03) and were more paracentesis dependent (72.2% vs 52.9%, P = 0.016). Obese robust patients had better waitlist survival [hazard ratio (HR): 0.12; 95%CI: 0.05–0.29, P < 0.0001] with higher instantaneous rate of transplant (HR: 5.71; 95%CI: 1.26–25.9, P = 0.02). Lean NASH patients had a substantially higher risk of graft loss within 90 d post-LT (1.2% vs 13.8%, P = 0.032) and death post-LT (2.4% vs 17.2%, P = 0.029). 1- 3- and 5-year graft survival was poor for lean NASH (78.6%, 77.3% and 41.7% vs 98.6%, 96% and 85% respectively). Overall patient survival post-LT was significantly worse in lean NASH (HR: 0.17; 95%CI: 0.03–0.86, P = 0.0142) with 83% lower instantaneous rate of death in obese group. Post-transplant renal function was significantly better in lean NASH patients at 5 years (median creatinine 111 μmol/L vs 153.5 μmol/L, P = 0.019).
Although lean NASH was thought to be more benign than obese NASH, our study suggests a paradoxical correlation of lean NASH with waitlist outcomes, and graft and patient survival post-LT, in conjunction with often comorbid frailty.
To understand the underlying molecular mechanisms linking lean NASH with worse outcomes, there is need of identifying the factors such as genetic variants, body fat distribution/visceral adiposity, which can play role in this paradox.
Provenance and peer review: Unsolicited article; Externally peer reviewed.
Peer-review model: Single blind
Corresponding Author's Membership in Professional Societies: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.
Specialty type: Gastroenterology and hepatology
Country/Territory of origin: Canada
Peer-review report’s scientific quality classification
Grade A (Excellent): 0
Grade B (Very good): B
Grade C (Good): C, C
Grade D (Fair): 0
Grade E (Poor): 0
P-Reviewer: Gluvic Z, Serbia; Sibulesky L, United States; Tiejun W, China S-Editor: Fan JR L-Editor: A P-Editor: Yu HG
| 1. | Parikh ND, Marrero WJ, Wang J, Steuer J, Tapper EB, Konerman M, Singal AG, Hutton DW, Byon E, Lavieri MS. Projected increase in obesity and non-alcoholic-steatohepatitis-related liver transplantation waitlist additions in the United States. Hepatology. 2019;70:487-495. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 65] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 79] [Article Influence: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 2. | Vernon G, Baranova A, Younossi ZM. Systematic review: the epidemiology and natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in adults. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34:274-285. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 2065] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 2143] [Article Influence: 164.8] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 3. | Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Study Group; Lonardo A, Bellentani S, Argo CK, Ballestri S, Byrne CD, Caldwell SH, Cortez-Pinto H, Grieco A, Machado MV, Miele L, Targher G. Epidemiological modifiers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Focus on high-risk groups. Dig Liver Dis. 2015;47:997-1006. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 319] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 325] [Article Influence: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 4. | Young S, Tariq R, Provenza J, Satapathy SK, Faisal K, Choudhry A, Friedman SL, Singal AK. Prevalence and Profile of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Lean Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Hepatol Commun. 2020;4:953-972. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 48] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 82] [Article Influence: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 5. | Hagström H, Nasr P, Ekstedt M, Hammar U, Stål P, Hultcrantz R, Kechagias S. Risk for development of severe liver disease in lean patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A long-term follow-up study. Hepatol Commun. 2018;2:48-57. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 126] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 188] [Article Influence: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 6. | Cruz ACD, Bugianesi E, George J, Day CP, Liaquat H, Charatcharoenwitthaya P, Mills PR, Dam-Larsen S, Bjornsson ES, Haflidadottir S, Adams LA, Bendtsen F, Angulo P. Characteristics and Long-Term Prognosis of Lean Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Gastroenterology. 2014;146:S-909. [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] |
| 7. | Satapathy SK, Jiang Y, Agbim U, Wu C, Bernstein DE, Teperman LW, Kedia SK, Aithal GP, Bhamidimarri KR, Duseja A, Maiwall R, Maliakkal B, Jalal P, Patel K, Puri P, Ravinuthala R, Wong VW, Abdelmalek MF, Ahmed A, Thuluvath PJ, Singal AK; Global NAFLD Consortium. Posttransplant Outcome of Lean Compared With Obese Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in the United States: The Obesity Paradox. Liver Transpl. 2020;26:68-79. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 16] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 16] [Article Influence: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 8. | Wang Q, You H, Ou X, Zhao X, Sun Y, Wang M, Wang P, Wang Y, Duan W, Wang X, Wu S, Kong Y, Saxena R, Gouw ASH, Jia J. Non-obese histologically confirmed NASH patients with abnormal liver biochemistry have more advanced fibrosis. Hepatol Int. 2019;13:766-776. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 18] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 16] [Article Influence: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 9. | Leonard J, Heimbach JK, Malinchoc M, Watt K, Charlton M. The impact of obesity on long-term outcomes in liver transplant recipients-results of the NIDDK liver transplant database. Am J Transplant. 2008;8:667-672. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 171] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 162] [Article Influence: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 10. | European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on nutrition in chronic liver disease. J Hepatol. 2019;70:172-193. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 394] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 483] [Article Influence: 96.6] [Reference Citation Analysis (1)] |
| 11. | Tandon P, Low G, Mourtzakis M, Zenith L, Myers RP, Abraldes JG, Shaheen AA, Qamar H, Mansoor N, Carbonneau M, Ismond K, Mann S, Alaboudy A, Ma M. A Model to Identify Sarcopenia in Patients With Cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14:1473-1480.e3. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 128] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 130] [Article Influence: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 12. | Fracanzani AL, Petta S, Lombardi R, Pisano G, Russello M, Consonni D, Di Marco V, Cammà C, Mensi L, Dongiovanni P, Valenti L, Craxì A, Fargion S. Liver and Cardiovascular Damage in Patients With Lean Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, and Association With Visceral Obesity. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15:1604-1611.e1. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 105] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 133] [Article Influence: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 13. | Akyuz U, Yesil A, Yilmaz Y. Characterization of lean patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: potential role of high hemoglobin levels. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2015;50:341-346. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 59] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 62] [Article Influence: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 14. | Margariti A, Deutsch M, Manolakopoulos S, Tiniakos D, Papatheodoridis GV. The severity of histologic liver lesions is independent of body mass index in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2013;47:280-286. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 33] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 32] [Article Influence: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 15. | Kardashian AA, Dodge JL, Roberts J, Brandman D. Weighing the risks: Morbid obesity and diabetes are associated with increased risk of death on the liver transplant waiting list. Liver Int. 2018;38:553-563. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 24] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 30] [Article Influence: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 16. | Bhanji RA, Narayanan P, Moynagh MR, Takahashi N, Angirekula M, Kennedy CC, Mara KC, Dierkhising RA, Watt KD. Differing Impact of Sarcopenia and Frailty in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Alcoholic Liver Disease. Liver Transpl. 2019;25:14-24. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 46] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 58] [Article Influence: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 17. | Dolgin NH, Smith AJ, Harrington SG, Movahedi B, Martins PNA, Bozorgzadeh A. Association Between Sarcopenia and Functional Status in Liver Transplant Patients. Exp Clin Transplant. 2019;17:653-664. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 2] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 3] [Article Influence: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 18. | Kahn J, Wagner D, Homfeld N, Müller H, Kniepeiss D, Schemmer P. Both sarcopenia and frailty determine suitability of patients for liver transplantation-A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Clin Transplant. 2018;32:e13226. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 32] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 34] [Article Influence: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 19. | Van Jacobs AC. Frailty Assessment in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken). 2019;14:121-125. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 10] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 14] [Article Influence: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 20. | Lai JC, Feng S, Terrault NA, Lizaola B, Hayssen H, Covinsky K. Frailty predicts waitlist mortality in liver transplant candidates. Am J Transplant. 2014;14:1870-1879. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 321] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 339] [Article Influence: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 21. | Lai JC, Dodge JL, Sen S, Covinsky K, Feng S. Functional decline in patients with cirrhosis awaiting liver transplantation: Results from the functional assessment in liver transplantation (FrAILT) study. Hepatology. 2016;63:574-580. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 134] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 142] [Article Influence: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 22. | Wang CW, Covinsky KE, Feng S, Hayssen H, Segev DL, Lai JC. Functional impairment in older liver transplantation candidates: From the functional assessment in liver transplantation study. Liver Transpl. 2015;21:1465-1470. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 28] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 28] [Article Influence: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 23. | Lai JC, Rahimi RS, Verna EC, Kappus MR, Dunn MA, McAdams-DeMarco M, Haugen CE, Volk ML, Duarte-Rojo A, Ganger DR, O'Leary JG, Dodge JL, Ladner D, Segev DL. Frailty Associated With Waitlist Mortality Independent of Ascites and Hepatic Encephalopathy in a Multicenter Study. Gastroenterology. 2019;156:1675-1682. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 138] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 130] [Article Influence: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 24. | Haugen CE, McAdams-DeMarco M, Verna EC, Rahimi RS, Kappus MR, Dunn MA, Volk ML, Gurakar A, Duarte-Rojo A, Ganger DR, O'Leary JG, Ladner D, Garonzik-Wang J, Segev DL, Lai JC. Association Between Liver Transplant Wait-list Mortality and Frailty Based on Body Mass Index. JAMA Surg. 2019;154:1103-1109. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 23] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 24] [Article Influence: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 25. | VanWagner LB, Armstrong MJ. Lean NAFLD: A not so benign condition? Hepatol Commun. 2018;2:5-8. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 28] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 31] [Article Influence: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 26. | Nair S, Verma S, Thuluvath PJ. Obesity and its effect on survival in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation in the United States. Hepatology. 2002;35:105-109. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 316] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 322] [Article Influence: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 27. | Kovalic AJ, Cholankeril G, Satapathy SK. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease: metabolic diseases with systemic manifestations. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;4:65. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 6] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 9] [Article Influence: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 28. | Chon YE, Kim HJ, Choi YB, Hwang SG, Rim KS, Kim MN, Lee JH, Ha Y, Lee MJ. Decrease in waist-to-hip ratio reduced the development of chronic kidney disease in non-obese non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Sci Rep. 2020;10:8996. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 9] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 9] [Article Influence: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 29. | Zhou J, Lyu L, Zhu L, Liang Y, Dong H, Chu H. Association of overweight with postoperative acute kidney injury among patients receiving orthotopic liver transplantation: an observational cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2020;21:223. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 8] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 6] [Article Influence: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |
| 30. | Locke JE, Shelton B, Orandi B, Olthoff K, Pomfret E, Forde KA, Sawinski D, Gray M, Ascher N. Obesity is a risk factor for progression to kidney transplant waitlisting after liver transplantation. Clin Transplant. 2021;35:e14317. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This Article: ] [Cited by in Crossref: 2] [Cited by in F6Publishing: 2] [Article Influence: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis (0)] |