Cao WT, Huang R, Jiang KF, Qiao XH, Wang JJ, Fan YH, Xu Y. Predictive value of blood concentration of biologics on endoscopic inactivity in inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27(9): 886-907 [PMID: 33727776 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i9.886]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Yi-Hong Fan, MD, Associate Professor, Chief Doctor, Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 54 Youdian Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China. yhfansjr@163.com
Research Domain of This Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Article-Type of This Article
Systematic Reviews
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Wan-Ting Cao, Rong Huang, Ke-Fang Jiang, Xue-Hui Qiao, Jing-Jing Wang, Yi-Hong Fan, Yi Xu, Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
Wan-Ting Cao, Rong Huang, Ke-Fang Jiang, Xue-Hui Qiao, Jing-Jing Wang, Yi-Hong Fan, Yi Xu, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Diseases Pathophysiology, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
Author contributions: Cao WT designed the research; Fan YH performed the research; Cao WT, Wang JJ, and Jiang KF analyzed the data; Cao WT, Huang R, and Qiao XH wrote the paper; Xu Y supervised the paper; all authors read the paper and approved the final manuscript.
Supported byThe National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 81473506; Zhejiang TCM Science and Technology Project, No. 2019ZA056, No. 2016ZA092, and No. 2021ZA057.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors declare that they have no competing interests to disclose.
PRISMA 2009 Checklist statement: The authors have read the PRISMA 2009 Checklist, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the PRISMA 2009 Checklist.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Yi-Hong Fan, MD, Associate Professor, Chief Doctor, Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 54 Youdian Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China. yhfansjr@163.com
Received: October 17, 2020 Peer-review started: October 17, 2020 First decision: December 13, 2020 Revised: December 25, 2020 Accepted: January 12, 2021 Article in press: January 12, 2021 Published online: March 7, 2021
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Although blood concentration of biologics is an important composition of disease management in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, complexity and uncertainty of biological management encourage many disputes in predicting the outcome of IBD patients through blood concentration of biologics.
AIM
To verify the predictive value of blood concentration of biologics on endoscopic inactivity in IBD patients under different situations.
METHODS
We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science up to May 2020 and identified IBD patients as the research cohort as well as the correlations between blood concentration of biologics and endoscopic inactivity in IBD patients as the research direction.
RESULTS
A total of 23 articles with 30 clinical studies and 1939 IBD patients were included. The predictive cut-off value of blood concentration of infliximab on mucosal healing should be 2.7-10.6 μg/mL in IBD. Blood concentration of infliximab reaching 5.0-12.7 μg/mL or more increased the probability of fistula healing/closure in perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease. Blood concentration of adalimumab reaching 7.2-16.2 μg/mL or more could predict mucosal healing in IBD. The predictive cut-off value of blood concentration of adalimumab on fistula healing/closure should be 5.9-9.8 μg/mL in perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease. Blood concentration of vedolizumab surpassing 25.0 μg/mL indicated mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis patients under maintenance therapy and the predictive cut-off value of blood concentration on mucosal healing or endoscopic remission under induction therapy in IBD could be 8.0-28.9 μg/mL.
CONCLUSION
Blood concentration of biologics should not be utilized to predict endoscopic inactivity of IBD independently due to discrepancies in clinical studies, whereas conducting therapeutic drug monitoring intensively contributes to precise therapy.
Core Tip: Deep remission is considered the primary endpoint of biological therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. However, it is still difficult to determine or predict whether inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients achieve deep remission or not. Although endoscopic examinations are widely accepted by gastroenterologists as the golden standard in evaluating disease states, the majority of IBD patients reject frequent invasive examinations. Hence, new methods for early prediction of therapeutic outcomes in IBD patients on biologics are brought forward by gastroenterologists. Blood concentration of biologics, one of the major monitoring indicators during biological therapy, exhibits enormous tendency to correlate with outcomes of IBD patients. Nonetheless, blood concentration of biologics is not a substitute for endoscopic examinations in detecting deep lesions. By contrast, the combination of blood concentration of biologics and endoscopic examinations is conducive to enhancing the accuracy of outcome prediction.
Citation: Cao WT, Huang R, Jiang KF, Qiao XH, Wang JJ, Fan YH, Xu Y. Predictive value of blood concentration of biologics on endoscopic inactivity in inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27(9): 886-907
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a class of chronic and unspecific inflammatory intestinal diseases induced by immune-mediated disorder, which mainly destroys intestinal structure and impairs the intestinal function. The involvement of large intestinal mucosa, frequent spreading of inflammation to the whole digestive tract, and invasion of the mucosal muscular layer of the intestine may distinguish CD from UC.
Previously, the therapeutic goal for IBD focuses on the management of symptoms only, but changing the course of the disease is recognized as the therapeutic goal currently. Therefore, based on the traditional top-down therapy, several clinical trials have put forwarded two novel therapeutic strategies of accelerating top-down therapy and implementing step-up therapy in the early stage, during which biological management remains crucial[1-3]. Different responses of IBD patients to the same biologic due to individual variations and increment of biological therapy failure over time are still a nodus in the treatment. Monitoring blood concentration of biologics is regarded as the significant part of biological management, which assists in estimating the therapeutic effects in IBD patients sufficiently[4].
Endoscopic mucosal healing is considered the major therapeutic goal in IBD patients and it has been verified in several clinical trials, which showed that endoscopic healing is beneficial in decreasing the hospitalization rate, surgical risk, cancerous rate, and so on. Endoscopy remains the golden standard for mucosal healing evaluation, and is advantageous in reflecting gastrointestinal lesions directly and disadvantageous due to its poor compliance, high cost, painful procedure, and subjective discrepancies in outcome evaluation among different physicians[5-9]. Hence, biomarkers that can temporarily substitute endoscopy or assist endoscopy in evaluating the prognosis of IBD have been focused on by current research studies[10,11]. Similar to the specific inflammatory biomarkers in IBD, blood concentration of biologics published in a series of clinical trials has the ability to predict the prognosis of IBD in patients under biological therapy, especially remission and relapse[4]. This review lays emphasis on the predictive value of blood concentration of biologics on endoscopic inactivity in IBD patients.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Literature search
We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science till March 2020 for studies that met the following inclusion criteria: (1) Study cohorts containing adults or children diagnosed with IBD; (2) Studies that reported the definition of endoscopic inactivity outcome, and the therapeutic target of study cohort endoscopic inactivity; and (3) Studies that evaluated the correlation between biological blood concentration and endoscopic inactivity outcome and identified the best cut off values of blood concentration of biologics in predicting the endoscopic outcome. Studies were identified using the following key words: “UC”, “Ulcerative colitis”, “CD”, “Crohn‘s disease”, “IBD”, “Inflammatory bowel disease”, “IFX”, “Infliximab”, “ADA”, “Adalimumab”, “VDZ”, “Vedolizumab”, “anti-TNF-α drug”, “anti-TNF-α agent”, “anti-TNFα therapy”, “anti-TNFα treatment”, “Serum level”, “Trough level”, “Serum concentration”, “Trough concentration”, “Endoscopic remission”, “Mucosal healing”, “Histological healing”, “Histological remission”, “Endoscopic inactivity”, and “Endoscopic healing”. Literature search focused on full-texts and references of each article were carefully checked. Additionally, the literature search was not limited by country, language, and published date. First, two authors (Rong Huang and Xue-Hui Qiao) deleted repetitive studies according to the search results. Second, they included studies based on the inclusion criteria, after rigorous screening of the titles, abstracts, and key words of studies. Any disagreements during the screening process were judged by the third author (Ke-Fang Jiang).
Data extraction
The data collected from each study included author, year, and study type, and the data was divided into three major segments. The first part involves collection and systematic analysis of data including diagnosis, age, disease course, smoking, disease severity, disease location, previous medical therapy, previous surgery, previous biological therapy, and so on. The second part involves collection and systematic analysis of data that are relevant to biological management, including biological type, course of the research, therapeutic stage, injection dose, injection frequency, injection time, and so on. The third part includes collection and systematic analysis of data relevant to the predictive value of blood concentrations of biologics on endoscopic inactivity outcome, including the best predictive cut off values of blood concentration of biologics, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, area under the curve, the definition of endoscopic inactivity, and the number of patients achieving endoscopic inactivity.
RESULTS
Literature selection
Three researchers identified a total of 1086 studies based on the inclusion criteria. Of these, 455 duplicates or irrelevant studies or studies that did not report the original data were removed. Moreover, 604 studies were excluded after finishing rigorous check of the inclusion criteria, abstract, and key words. Additionally, another four studies were deleted due to the lack of best cut-off values of blood concentration after carefully reviewing the full-texts. Finally, 23 studies involving 30 clinical studies and 1939 IBD patients were included in the study. Two studies concentrated on pediatric CD, whereas the major study design and consequences were approximated to adults. Eight studies have focused on IBD patients and 15 studies distinguished CD patients from UC patients in study cohorts. The flow chart of study selection process is shown in Figure 1 and the demographics and disease characteristics of study cohorts are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was adopted to evaluate the quality of studies included in this study. NOS mainly contains eight aspects: “The representativeness of the exposed cohorts”, “the selective methods of unexposed cohorts”, “identification of exposure”, “the verification of concerned results absent in the start of study”, “the comparability of cohorts based on design and analysis”, “sufficient evaluation of study results”, “long follow-up period after obtaining the study results”, and “long follow-up period of cohorts”. Quality evaluation of studies has ruled out two aspects by considering “the selection methods of unexposed cohorts” and “the comparability of cohorts based on design and analysis” that are irrelevant to the study. One star is assigned if the literature achieved any one of the six items and the highest point that can be achieved is six stars. However, the literature with not less than five stars is defined as high quality study. Nineteen studies[12-30] were considered as low quality and four studies[31-34] were considered as high quality (Table 3).
Several discrepancies existed in the biological management put forwarded by different studies. Twenty-three studies showed clear records of biologicl type[12-34]; eleven studies involved adalimumab (ADA)[12,16,18-20,24,26-30], thirteen involved infliximab (IFX)[12,14,15,17,18,21-24,27,28,31,32], and four involved vedolizumab (VDZ)[13,25,33,34]. El-Matary et al[32] have failed to publish IFX therapeutic stage, nine studies referred to ADA maintenance therapy[12,16,18,19,24,26,27,29,30], three referred to ADA induction therapy[18,20,28], ten referred to IFX maintenance therapy[12,14,15,17,18,21,22,24,27,31], four referred to IFX induction therapy[18,23,28,31], three referred to VDZ induction therapy[13,33,34], and four referred to VDZ maintenance therapy[13,25,33,34]. Thirteen studies had the course of research[12-15,19,20,23,24,28,29,31,33,34]. The injection dose of ADA induction therapy recorded in the studies was 160 mg at week 0, 80 mg at week 2, and 40 mg at week 6[18,20,28]. ADA maintenance therapy adopted an injection dose of 40 mg every other week or 40 mg every week[16,18,19,24,27,29,30]. Injection dose of IFX induction therapy was 5 mg/kg at weeks 0, 2, and 6 in the published studies[18,31]. Nonetheless, the injection dose of IFX maintenance therapy varied in different studies. The standard dose of IFX maintenance therapy was 5 mg/kg every 8 wk whereas the interval time of injection was shortened to 6 wk or the dose of injection was strengthened to 7.5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg in some patients[14,15,18,21,24,27,31]. Three studies recorded the injection dose of VDZ induction therapy as 300 mg at weeks 0, 2, and 6[13,33,34], while Dreesen et al[13] have implemented another VDZ injection dose of 300 mg at week 10 due to a low response rate. Injection dose of VDZ maintenance therapy adopted 300 mg every 4 wk or every 8 wk from week 14[13,25,33,34] (Table 4).
Table 4 Biologic management in inflammatory bowel disease patients.
Induction: At weeks 0, 2, 6; Maintenance: 4 weekly or 8 weekly from week 14 onwards
Endoscopic scores and definition of endoscopic inactivity
The definition of endoscopic inactivity varied in different studies. Ten studies did not utilize a standard criterion for endoscopic inactivity evaluation of CD or UC[13,14,24,26,27,29-32,34]. The definition of fistula healing/closure in three studies of perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease (pfCD) mainly concentrated on physical examination[24,27,32], and only Strik et al[27] utilized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination to evaluate the endpoint with no detailed description. Seven studies have defined mucosal healing as a lack of inflammation or disappearance of ulcerations under endoscopy instead of endoscopic scoring systems[13,14,26,29-31,34]. Seventeen studies involved endoscopic scoring systems for outcome evaluation of CD or UC[12,13,15-23,25,26,28,31,33,34]. Four studies defined mucosal healing of CD as a Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn’s Disease (SES-CD) < 3[12,17,28] or SES-CD of 0[17] and endoscopic remission of CD as an SES-CD ≤ 4[33], Dreesen et al[31] selected a Crohn’s Disease Endoscopic Index of Severity (CDEIS) < 3 to define endoscopic remission, and Morita et al[19] and Imaeda et al[15] selected a modified Rutgeerts’ score of 0 (no lesions or scar) or 1 (5 apthous lesions) to define mucosal healing. Three studies selected a Rutgeerts’ score of < 2 to define mucosal healing of CD in postoperative setting[12,16,21]. Ten studies defined mucosal healing of UC as a Mayo Endoscopic Score (MES) ≤ 1[12,13,16,20,22,23,26,28,33,34], Morita et al[18] utilized an Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity (UCEIS) ≤ 1 (the bleeding descriptor and the erosions and ulcers descriptor were both 0, and the vascular pattern descriptor was 0 or 1) to define mucosal healing. Considering the inconsistency between intestinal inflammation under endoscopy and clinical symptoms, Hanžel et al[33] have included clinical remission and endoscopic remission into the primary endpoint. Additionally, five studies defined primary endpoint as histological healing or histological remission[16,21,22,25,29], whereas only Pouillon et al[25] have defined histological healing of UC as a Nancy Histological Index ≤ 1 rather than subjective description (Table 5 and Figure 2).
Perianal fistula healing: No spontaneous discharge or no discharge on palpation in the absence of seton drainage; Perianal fistula closure: Absence of an external skin opening
Endoscopic remission: Absence of a mucosal break for CD, a Rutgeerts score of ≤ 1 for CD with ileocolonic resection, a Mayo endoscopic score of ≤ 1 for UC. Histological healing: Absence of any sign of active inflammation including erosions, abscesses, or neutrophil infiltration
Endoscopic remission: Absence of any mucosal break, a Rutgeerts score of ≤ 1 for CD with ileocolonic resection. Histologic remission: Absence of active inflammation
Healing perianal fistula: Decrease or cessation of fistula drainage, as reported by patients and confirmed by treating physicians; Healed fistula: Closure of a previously identified fistula opening, as reported by treating physicians
Endoscopic remission: (1) CD: SES-CD ≤ 4; (2) UC: MES ≤ 1; Clinical remission: (1) CD: mean daily stool frequency of ≤ 1.5, abdominal pain ≤ 1; (2) UC: a rectal bleeding score of 0, a stool frequency score of ≤ 1
VDZ
22.0 μg/ mL week 6 (TL)
Combined Remission (Endoscopic Remission AND Clinical Remission) within the first year of treatment (16/35)
Mucosal healing: (1) Absence of any ulcerations during endoscopy; (2) The absence of significant intestinal inflammation on MRI
VDZ
18.0 μg/mL week 6 (TL)
Mucosal healing within the first year of treatment (18/21)
0.80
0.63
0.73
0.71
0.70
UC
Mucosal healing: (1) MES ≤ 1; (2) The absence of significant intestinal inflammation on MRI
VDZ
18.0 μg/mL week 6 (TL)
Mucosal healing within the first year of treatment (24/19)
1.00
0.75
0.88
1.00
0.75
Predictive value of blood concentration of biologics on endoscopic inactivity
Study cohorts of inflammatory bowel disease: In the study by Ungar et al[28], IBD patients under IFX or ADA induction therapy had a 80%-90% probability of mucosal healing satisfying an IFX serum level ranging from 6 μg/mL to 10 μg/mL or ADA serum level ranging from 8-12 μg/mL. The combination of IFX serum level at week 2 during treatment and clinical symptoms demonstrated a great effect on the prognostic prediction as well as the meaningful option and evaluation of IFX continual or transformational or intensive therapy[35]. A cross-sectional study of IBD patients under IFX or ADA therapy using stable doses for at least 6 mo suggested the best cut off values of 3.4 μg/mL and 7.2 μg/mL of IFX and ADA trough levels in predicting mucosal healing, respectively[12]. Specifically, the ADA serum level that surpasses 7.5 μg/mL or 7.8 μg/mL was found to be predictive of mucosal healing or histological healing with a 61%-62% sensitivity and 83%-95% specificity in IBD patients under maintenance therapy[29]. Inversely, the possibility of the absence of mucosal healing was increased dramatically with an ADA trough level of lower than 4.9 μg/mL[26]. VDZ would be a better choice if anti-TNF-α agents failed to terminate inflammatory activity of IBD. Hanžel et al[33] have demonstrated that vedolizumab trough level (VTL) ≥ 8.0 μg/mL at week 22 or VTL ≥ 22.0 μg/mL at week 6 assisted in moderately predicting IBD remission (endoscopic remission and clinical remission) within the first year of VDZ treatment with a sensitivity and specificity of more than 70%.
Study cohorts of ulcerative colitis: In the study by Papamichael et al[23], IFX serum levels exceeding 15 μg/mL at week 6 or 2.1 μg/mL at week 14 during induction therapy in UC patients were shown to act as independent factors that affect the short term mucosal healing as defined by MES ≤ 1 from week 10 to week 14. Moreover, IFX trough level of more than 7.5 μg/mL or 10.5 μg/mL acts as a good predictor of endoscopic healing with a 77% sensitivity and 62% specificity or histological healing with a 54% sensitivity and 78% specificity, respectively, under maintenance therapy[22]. However, Morita et al[18] held the view that IFX trough level of ≥ 2.7 μg/mL and ADA trough level of ≥ 10.3 μg/mL were both capable of predicting UCEIS ≤ 1with a sensitivity and specificity exceeding 80% among UC patients under maintenance therapy. Differently, Juncadella et al[16] have considered ADA serum level exceeding 16.2 μg/mL as a good predictor of MES ≤ 1 with an 85% sensitivity and histological healing with a 100% sensitivity. However, under induction stage of therapy, ADA serum level of more than 9.4 μg/mL could predict short-term mucosal healing at weeks 8-14 with a 67% sensitivity and 77% specificity. Dreesen et al[13] have confirmed that VTL ≥ 28.9 μg/mL at week 2 and VTL ≥ 13.9 μg/mL at week 14 showed a moderate sensitivity and low specificity to predict MES ≤ 1 at week 14. Another study in UC patients under induction therapy with VDZ considered that VTL surpassed 18.0 μg/mL at week 6 predicted MES ≤ 1 in the first year treatment with a 100% sensitivity and 75% specificity[34]. Pouillon et al[25] have discovered that UC patients under maintenance therapy with VDZ had VTL ≥ 25.0 μg/mL, which showed a significant possibility of achieving histological healing (Nancy Histological Index ≤ 1).
Study cohorts of Crohn’ S disease: The follow-up study of CD patients during the first year therapy of IFX demonstrated that IFX trough level exceeding 23.1 mg/L at week 2 or 10.0 mg/L at week 6 had a high sensitivity and low specificity in predicting endoscopic remission, which was defined as CDEIS < 3 or absence of ulcerations at week 12[31]. IFX serum levels of more than 4.85 μg/mL at week 14 and 2.85 μg/mL at week 30 could assist in moderately predicting the complete absence of any sign of the ulceration in CD[14]. Nonetheless, Papamichael et al[21] have verified that IFX serum level of ≥ 10 μg/mL might not be a good predictor of endoscopic remission or histological remission under maintenance stage with a low sensitivity and specificity. The study on CD patients with stable IFX or ADA infusions for at least 6 mo showed that IFX trough level of ≥ 4.0 ug/mL[15] or ADA ≥ 7.9 ug/mL[19] assisted in moderately predicting the modified Rutgeerts’ Scoring System Score of ≤ 1. Similarly, a 91% sensitivity and 76% specificity acts as the predictive value of ADA trough level of ≥ 8.14 μg/mL on complete absence of ulceration in CD patients[30]. However, Juncadella et al[16] have suggested that ADA serum level of 12 μg/mL or more, much higher than trough level, assisted in predicting endoscopic remission or histological healing with a low specificity or sensitivity, respectively. IFX trough level surpassing 5 μg/mL had maximum possible opportunity to assist pediatric CD patients in attaining mucosal healing under maintenance therapy[17]. In CD patients under induction therapy, VDZ trough level of ≥ 18.0 μg/mL at week 6 predicted mucosal healing in the first year of treatment with an 80% sensitivity and 63% specificity[34]. VDZ trough level of ≥ 13.6 μg/mL at week 22 predicted mucosal healing with a 69% sensitivity and 71% specificity[13]. Although these two studies[13,34] did not adopt standard tools to evaluate mucosal healing, the former[34] utilized MRI to evaluate intestinal inflammation.
Study cohorts of perianal fistulating Crohn’s disease: Yarur et al[36] have confirmed that the possibility of fistula healing would rise substantially among pfCD patients if the optimal trough level of IFX was increased to 10 μg/mL or more at week 4, while a minor change is needed in the optimal trough levels of IFX more than 20 μg/mL. Plevris et al[24] have demonstrated that pfCD patients under maintenance therapy attaining an IFX trough level > 7.1 μg/mL and ADA trough level > 9.8 μg/mL were highly probable to achieve fistula healing and an IFX trough level of over 7.1 μg/mL and an ADA trough level of over 6.8 μg/mL were the best serum levels in predicting the fistula closure. Strik et al[27] have suggested that IFX ≥ 5.0 μg/mL or ADA ≥ 5.9 μg/mL acts as a good predictor of fistula closure in pfCD patients. When compared to adults, pediatric pfCD patients should be cured with a higher IFX serum level for deeper remission. Moreover, the correlation between IFX trough level at week 24 and fistula healing in pediatric pfCD patients has been verified and the IFX trough level with an increment to more than 12.7 μg/mL increases the possibilities of fistula healing at week 24[32].
DISCUSSION
Pharmacological mechanism and clinical efficacy of biologics in IBD
Anti-TNF-α antagonists contain three anti-TNF-α biologics with integrated IgG1 antibody (IFX, ADA, and GOI), Certolizumab with fragment Fab modified by polyethylene glycol, and Etanercept with TNF-α extracellular domain including Receptor2/IgG1-Fc fusion protein[37-40]. As a matter of fact, the efficacy of inducing clinical or endoscopic remission in IBD is merely realized by the three anti-TNF-α biologics with integrated IgG1 antibody instead of Certolizumab or Etanercept. Anti-TNF-α biologics regulate immune response and maintain intestinal status by preventing TNF-α from inducing mucosal inflammation[41]. In IBD subtypes, IFX has better ability to induce mucosal healing of UC than ADA and is similar to that of ADA in inducing mucosal healing of CD[42].
VDZ is an integrin antagonist that combines with α4β7 integrin expressed on the surface of lymphocytes or monocytes. The crucial mechanism of intestinal lymphocyte migration to the intestinal mucosal layer attributes to the integration of α4β7 integrin and mucous membrane addressing cell adhesion molecule-1 expressed in the gastrointestinal endotheliocytes. The mechanism of VDZ mainly involves inhibition of T lymphocytes from migrating and aggregation in the mucosal layer[43]. Recently, another viewpoint highlights the regulation of innate immunity and the interference of monocytes migrating and aggregating in the mucosal layer is considered the major mechanism of VDZ[44]. A meta-analysis including nine real-world studies verified the effectiveness of VDZ for IBD accompanied with adequate security[45]. Endoscopic healing, radiographic healing, and histological healing are achieved in IBD patients in long-time therapy of VDZ, whereas the risk of atypical hyperplasia also increases[46-48].
Effect of endpoint definition on blood concentration
MES is the most extensively used scoring system to evaluate disease severity of UC, and contains four grades, including no lesions (0), mild (1), moderate (2), and severe (3). Mucosal healing is normally defined as MES ≤ 1. However, it is a remarkable fact that UC patients with MES = 1 had extensive mucosal inflammation and higher probability of clinical relapse and colectomy in the future than UC patients with MES = 0[49,50]. What’s more, even in UC patients with MES = 0, 30.4% had abnormal mucosal pattern and 73.9% had abnormal vascular pattern on high definition colonoscopy[51]. Similarly, 41.8% and 4.6% were classified as LCI-B (redness with visible vessels) and LCI-C (redness without visible vessels) based on color imaging[52]. Recently, UCEIS consisting of three major indicators (vascular pattern, bleeding, and erosions and ulcers) is divided into eight grades (0-8), and verifies the changes of symptoms and mucosal lesions more accurately than MES[53,54]. Considering that histological inflammation invisible under colonoscopy might persistently exist in UC patients with endoscopic mucosal healing, histopathological detection contributes to the direct reflection of mucosal microinflammation. Based on the histologic scoring system, histological healing is defined as Geboes score < 2 or Robarts Histological Index < 3 or Nancy Histological Index ≤ 1, but these histologic scoring systems should be simplified and verified again[50].
Different from UC, the definition of mucosal healing in CD is more complex due to extensive and deep lesions. CDEIS is the gold-standard for endoscopic mucosal healing in CD, and it consists of four major segments (deep ulcerations, superficial ulcerations, surface involved by ulcerations, and surface involved by disease). As SES-CD involves the same evaluative contents similar to that of CDEIS and is highly correlated with CDEIS, SES-CD has become more popular than CDEIS[55]. Nevertheless, both CDEIS and SES-CD focused only on colorectal lesion evaluation and ignored ileal lesions evaluation[56]. Hence, the modified Rutgeerts’ Scoring System that paid much attention to mucosal lesions has been proposed in evaluating ileal lesions[57]. Capsule endoscopy and balloon-assisted endoscopy accompanied with the Lewis score system are utilized to evaluate small intestinal lesions while the Rutgeerts’ scoring system is applied in CD patients with colectomy only. Therefore, definitions of primary endpoints involving only one endoscopic scoring system are unable to evaluate inflammation in CD completely. Additionally, different from mucosal lesions of UC, intestinal lesions of CD tend to invade the submucosa or muscular layer deeply or swollen lymph nodes so that deep healing has been proposed to be a part of expected outcome in CD.
In fact, by considering the segmental and transmural inflammation of the intestine in CD, diagnostic imaging tests have been put forwarded for detecting deep lesions whereas histological detection is not recommended due to tiny and shallow biopsies, especially in pfCD. Currently, gastroenterologists have opted deep remission as fistula healing or fistula closure under endoscopic examination or other radiological examinations to be the primary endpoint of pfCD[58]. T2-weighted MRI with fat-suppression is considered the gold-standard for fistula imaging and an MRI-based score is currently available for defining disease activity[59]. Thomassin et al[60] have defined MRI healing as the disappearance of T2 hyperintensity and contrast enhancement after gadolinium injection. Nonetheless, the re-opening of “closed” fistula tracts occurred more frequently in pfCD patients, which was diagnosed as fistula healing by MRI after the discontinuation of IFX maintenance therapy[61]. On one hand, radiologists without adequate experience in detecting perianal fistula and MRI itself were unable to discover activity around the anus, thus leading to inaccurate estimate of MRI. According to a recent review, examination under anaesthesia combined with MRI or endoanal ultrasound increased the accuracy of pfCD diagnosis to 100%[62]. On the other hand, half of pfCD patients relapse within 5 years after anti-TNF-α discontinuation.
Effect of biologic optimization on blood concentration
There is enormous discrepancy in the biological management of IBD patients due to complicated disease phenotypes and variable individual genes that contribute to the effect of blood concentration analysis. Above all, different timings for testing have been a major impact in analyzing optimal levels for biologic blood concentration that decreases with time and the incidence of biologic antibody that increases with time. Second, the primary or secondary onset of loss of response is universal in IBD patients under biological maintenance therapy, while dose optimization of biologics or shortening the interval time of injection contributes to regaining of response to biologics. Paul et al[63] have verified that optimization of therapeutic dose of IFX could enhance IFX serum level and ΔIFX serum level of > 0.5 μg/mL was confirmed as the only factor of IBD mucosal healing. Third, there is a growing tendency to combine biologics with other immune suppressants in medicine therapy for IBD with a high ratio of non-responders during biologic management, especially AZA or 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP). AZA is the precursor of 6-MP. 6-thioinosine 5’-mono-phosphate is a substance that is produced in the body as 6-MP is metabolized, ultimately producing 6-thioguanine nucleotides (6-TGN) and 6-methylthiopurine ribonucleotide through metabolism[64,65]. The clinical efficacy is dominated by adequate doses of 6-TGN, while myelosuppression is triggered by excessive doses of 6-TGN[66,67]. However, AZA or 6-MP in some CD patients produces 6-methylthiopurine ribonucleotide due to hepatotoxicity in preference to 6-TGN, resulting in the accumulation of hepatic toxin and suspension of this maintenance therapy finally. Yarur et al[68] have considered 6-TGN concentration of ≥ 125 pmol/8 × 108 red blood cells could assist IFX in facilitating mucosal healing of CD via increasing the blood concentration of IFX to more than 8.3 μg/mL. However, Yacoub et al[34] have demonstrated that the addition of immunosuppressants could neither enhance the blood concentration of VDZ nor improve the probability of deep remission in IBD patients by VDZ management because of low immunogenicity of VDZ[69]. Last but not the least, this review included study cohorts of VDZ, which mainly contained IBD patients previously exposed to anti-TNF-α agents or with inadequate response to anti-TNF-α agents that is considered one of the vital factors resulting in low blood concentration or failure of VDZ induction therapy[70,71].
Effect of patient demographics and characteristics on blood concentration
The demographics and characteristics of patients with IBD are another key point that impacts the biologic blood concentration. Above all, CD patients with perianal fistula require higher biologic blood concentrations than CD patients with luminal activity in order to achieve deep remission. Yarur et al[72] have discovered that the anti-TNF-to-TNF ratio in tissues remained higher in uninflammatory areas than in severely inflammatory areas as well as higher rate of serum to tissue drug level mismatch in patients with active disease than in those with remission. Hence, it can be postulated that obstruction of biologics to penetrate into the inflamed tissues surrounding the perianal fistula accounted for higher biological blood concentration as needed by pfCD patients[4,72]. Regrettably, the evidence of biological blood concentration on penetration, stenosis, or perianal disease besides fistula still requires in-depth research. Second, the morbidity associated with pediatric IBD has significantly increased in recent years and the efficacy of biologics on deep remission has also been verified. Nonetheless, Kelsen et al[73] showed a downward trend in the maintenance efficacy of IFX in children less than 5 years old. Third, smoking or duration of disease increases the probability of biological treatment failure or disease relapse after suspension of biologics, but according to Bond et al[74], neither smoking nor duration of disease showed an association with categorical trough levels of IFX or ADA, whereas the body mass index tended to decrease the trough level of ADA[74-76]. Last but not the least, females might be an adverse factor of IBD disease progression as estrogen signaling might play a role in local immune response and maintenance of epithelial homeostasis in a gender- and age-dependent manner[77]. Moreover, it has been confirmed that sex discrepancy influences the therapeutic target of pfCD when considering higher incidence of perianal fistula and less therapeutic effect in females than in males[36,78,79].
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, several aspects of optimal serum levels demanded by IBD under biologic agents require deep investigation in the future. First, whether the discrepancy of optimal serum level in complicated phenotype or simple phenotype exists or not should be investigated. Second, how much maintenance time and serum levels of biologic agents are still needed to prevent IBD from disease flare after identification of deep remission. Furthermore, the achievement of deep remission in the prognosis of IBD patients should be evaluated in the future during the induction phase by combining with the serum level of biologics and patient characteristics. Finally, non-responders of IBD patients in the initial phase of biological treatment are considered appropriate to optimize the serum levels tentatively by increasing the injection dose, shortening the interval time of injection, or converting the type of biologics. Also the variation in serum levels during optimization period of biological therapy should be emphasized on therapeutic drug monitoring.
ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
Research background
Blood concentration has been proved to be an important predictor of outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients during biological therapy. It has also been acknowledged that disparate therapeutic targets correspond to specific blood concentrations. The greater the therapeutic expectation required by IBD patients, the higher the value of blood concentration suggested by IBD specialists.
Research motivation
Given the invasive, painful, and expensive examinations, such as endoscopy, for disease evaluation in IBD patients, identification of biologic blood concentration for predicting endoscopic inactivity in IBD patients may contribute to better, less painful, less risky, less expensive treatments.
Research objectives
To identify the predictive value of biologic blood concentration on endoscopic inactivity in IBD patients and explore factors relevant to predictive value.
Research methods
A comprehensive search target was utilized to search PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science systematically. Two authors screened and extracted the literature according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of the included literature was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Authors assisted by a biostatistician extracted, synthesized, and reviewed the data in accordance with the research topic.
Research results
A total of 23 articles with 30 clinical studies and 1939 IBD patients were included. All studies verified the correlation between biologic blood concentration and endoscopic inactivity in IBD patients. Thirteen studies focused on infliximab and demonstrated that blood concentration reaching 4.0-10.6 μg/mL could predict the mucosal healing in Crohn’s disease (CD) patients while ulcerative colitis (UC) patients with a blood concentration higher than 2.7-10.5 μg/mL were more likely to achieve mucosal healing under maintenance therapy. Whereas infliximab blood concentration of perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease (pfCD) patients reaching 5.0-12.7 μg/mL or more increased the probability of mucosal healing. Eleven studies focused on adalimumab and indicated that blood concentration reaching 7.2-16.2 μg/mL or more could predict mucosal healing in IBD patients while patients with a blood concentration lower than 4.9 μg/mL showed no mucosal healing under maintenance therapy. What’s more, the predictive cut off value of adalimumab blood concentration on fistula healing/closed should be 5.9-9.8 μg/mL in pfCD. Four studies focused on vedolizumab and verified that blood concentration surpassing 25.0 μg/mL indicated mucosal healing in UC patients under maintenance therapy and the predictive cut off value of blood concentration on mucosal healing or endoscopic remission under induction therapy in IBD could be 8.0-28.9 μg/mL. However, different studies had several discrepancies in the disease phenotype and demographics of study cohorts as well as the therapeutic stage, therapeutic course, injection dose, and injection frequency of biologic management. In addition, the definition of primary endpoints was not consistent in all studies. Fifteen studies considered mucosal healing as the main endpoint, three studies including pfCD patients adopted fistula healing/closure, and four adopted endoscopic remission alone or in combination with clinical remission as the main endpoint. Additionally, five studies identified the desirable endpoint as histological healing or histological remission.
Research conclusions
Considering the discrepancies in study design, study cohort, and biological management among different clinical studies, the best predictive cut-offs of biologic blood concentration on endoscopic inactivity published in 23 studies varied and the biological blood concentration might not be an appropriate predictor of endoscopic inactivity in IBD patients currently.
Research perspectives
In view of the fact that conduction of intensive monitoring for biological management plays a vital role in precise treatment of IBD patients, much larger and more stringent prospective studies are warranted to provide the best predictive cut-offs for biologic blood concentration as acknowledged globally in allusion to different types of IBD patients for distinguishing endoscopic inactivity from endoscopic activity.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank Dr. Bin Lv, Full Professor and Chief Physician at Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University for his help in revising this paper, and Shan Liu at Clinical Evaluation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University for help with statistical analysis.
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