Published online Feb 7, 2021. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i5.404
Peer-review started: October 28, 2020
First decision: December 3, 2020
Revised: December 14, 2020
Accepted: December 26, 2020
Article in press: December 26, 2020
Published online: February 7, 2021
Histological changes after direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) therapy in hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients has not been elucidated. Whether the predominantly progressive, indeterminate and predominately regressive (P-I-R) score, evaluating fibrosis activity in hepatitis B virus patients has predictive value in HCV patients has not been investigated.
To identify histological changes after DAAs therapy and to evaluate the predictive value of the P-I-R score in HCV patients.
Chronic HCV patients with paired liver biopsy specimens before and after DAAs treatment were included. Sustained virologic response (SVR) was defined as an undetectable serum HCV RNA level at 24 wk after treatment cessation. The Ishak system and P-I-R score were assessed. Inflammation improvement and fibrosis regression were defined as a ≥ 2-points decrease in the histology activity index (HAI) score and a ≥ 1-point decrease in the Ishak fibrosis score, respectively. Fibrosis progression was defined as a ≥ 1-point increase in the Ishak fibrosis score. Histologic improvement was defined as a ≥ 2-points decrease in the HAI score without worsening of the Ishak fibrosis score after DAAs therapy. The P-I-R score was also assessed. “absolutely reversing or advancing” was defined as the same directionality implied by both change in the Ishak score and posttreatment P-I-R score; and “probably reversing or advancing” was defined as only one parameter showing directionality.
Thirty-eight chronic HCV patients with paired liver biopsy specimens before and after DAAs treatment were included. The mean age of these patients was 40.9 ± 14.6 years and there were 53% (20/38) males. Thirty-four percent (13/38) of patients were cirrhotic. Eighty-two percent (31/38) of patients achieved inflammation improvement. The median HAI score decreased significantly after SVR (pretreatment 7.0 vs posttreatment 2.0, Z = -5.146, P = 0.000). Thirty-seven percent (14/38) of patients achieved fibrosis improvement. The median Ishak score decreased significantly after SVR (pretreatment 4.0 vs posttreatment 3.0, Z = -2.354, P = 0.019). Eighty-two percent (31/38) of patients showed histological improvement. The P-I-R score was evaluated in 61% (23/38) of patients. The progressive group showed lower platelet (P = 0.024) and higher HAI scores (P = 0.070) before treatment. In patients with stable Ishak stage after treatment: Progressive injury was seen in 22% (4/18) of patients, 33% (6/18) were classified as indeterminate and regressive changes were seen in 44% (8/18) of patients who were judged as probably reversing by the Ishak and P-I-R systems.
Significant improvement of necroinflammation and partial remission of fibrosis in HCV patients occurred shortly after DAAs therapy. The P-I-R score has potential in predicting fibrosis in HCV patients.
Core Tip: In this retrospective analysis of paired liver biopsy specimens from hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients who achieved sustained virologic response after direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) therapy, clinical and histologic features including the Ishak system and predominantly progressive, indeterminate and predominately regressive (P-I-R) scores were analyzed. Significant improvement of necroinflammation and partial remission of fibrosis in HCV patients occurred shortly after DAAs therapy. The P-I-R score has potential in predicting fibrosis in HCV patients.
- Citation: Huang R, Rao HY, Yang M, Gao YH, Wang J, Jin Q, Ma DL, Wei L. Histopathology and the predominantly progressive, indeterminate and predominately regressive score in hepatitis C virus patients after direct-acting antivirals therapy. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27(5): 404-415
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v27/i5/404.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v27.i5.404
Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have resulted in extraordinary progress in the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The potential for liver fibrosis of HCV patients to regress following successful treatment has been acknowledged for many years, particularly after eradication of HCV in most patients[1,2]. However, due to the low rate of sustained virologic response (SVR) following the interferon-ribavirin (PR) regimen, and limited indications to perform a liver biopsy after virus eradication, liver biopsy findings after successful HCV eradication have not been elucidated. Previous studies indicated the benefit of HCV eradication by PR therapy[3,4]. As DAAs have only been used in clinical practice for several years, histopathological improvement after successful DAAs therapy has only been described in a few studies and these findings were unclear[5].
Recently, a new classification, consisting of three categories of fibrosis quality: the predominantly progressive, indeterminate and predominately regressive (P-I-R) score was used to evaluate the quality of fibrosis activity based on the balance between progressive and regressive liver disease in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, which was called the Beijing classification[6-8]. This classification was predictive of histological outcomes by uniquely incorporating histopathologic features of regressive vs progressive fibrosis, i.e., the quality of fibrosis, not only its extent and it performed well in HBV patients[6]. However, whether the Beijing classification has predictive value in HCV patients, especially after SVR, has not been investigated.
We performed this retrospective analysis of paired liver biopsy specimens of HCV patients achieving SVR after DAAs therapy. Paired liver biopsies before and after SVR with clinical and histologic features including the Ishak system and P-I-R scores were measured and analyzed.
Chronic HCV patients with paired liver biopsy specimens before and after successful treatment with DAAs in our hospital were included in this study between January 2015 and December 2016. SVR was defined as undetectable serum HCV RNA at 24 wk after the end of treatment (EOT). Patients with other chronic liver disease (e.g., hepatitis B, hemochromatosis etc.), unqualified liver samples or incomplete clinical or laboratory data were excluded. We collected all the patients’ sociodemographic, clinical and histological information from medical records in our hospital.
All available formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded pretreatment and posttreatment liver biopsy specimens from patients were collected. Pretreatment was defined as 6 mo before DAAs therapy and posttreatment was defined as any time after EOT. The biopsy specimens were then reviewed by two independent experienced hepatopathologists, masked to the clinical information of these patients.
Necroinflammation activity and fibrosis stage were assessed by the Ishak modified histology activity index (HAI) grading and Ishak staging system, respectively[9]. Cirrhosis was defined as an Ishak fibrosis score ≥ 5. Inflammation improvement and fibrosis regression were defined as ≥ a 2-points decrease in the HAI score and a ≥ 1-point decrease in the Ishak fibrosis score, respectively. Fibrosis progression was defined as a ≥ 1-point increase in the Ishak fibrosis score. Histologic improvement was defined as a ≥ 2-points decrease in the HAI score without worsening of the Ishak fibrosis score after DAAs therapy.
The Beijing classification was also assessed, which was applied for liver biopsy specimens with at least focal fibrous septa formation or higher stages of scarring (Ishak staging ≥ F3). The classification consisted of three categories of fibrosis quality: Predominantly progressive, indeterminate and predominately regressive[6]. “Absolutely reversing or advancing” was defined as the same directionality implied by both change in Ishak score and posttreatment P-I-R score; and “probably reversing or advancing” was defined as only one parameter showing directionality.
Descriptive statistics were used in the analysis of patients’ sociodemographic characteristics, clinical information, histological information and P-I-R scores. Categorical variables (gender, HCV genotype, treatment group, HAI and Ishak score) were measured as percentages while continuous variables were expressed as mean ± SD (age, albumin, platelet and HCV RNA) or median (interquartile range) [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin (TB), international normalized ratio (INR) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM)] as appropriate. Pretreatment and posttreatment HAI grading and Ishak staging were compared using the Wilcoxon sign rank test. One-Way ANOVA (age, albumin, platelet and HCV RNA) and Kruskal-Wallis H test (ALT, TB, INR and LSM) were used to compare continuous variables and the Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test (gender, HAI and Ishak score) was used to compare categorical variables by groups of pretreatment or posttreatment P-I-R score, respectively. All statistical tests were considered significant at a P level less than 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0 (SPSS Inc.; Chicago, IL, United States).
We identified 40 patients with paired liver biopsy specimens and 95% (38/40) of them were included in the analysis with available paired clinical and histological data before and after treatment. Pretreatment biopsy specimens were obtained an average of 3 mo before DAAs therapy (range: 1-6 mo) and posttreatment biopsy specimens were obtained an average of 6 mo after EOT (range: 5-7 mo).
The mean age of the patients was 40.9 ± 14.6 years. Fifty-three percent (20/38) of patients were male. Of these, the pretreatment HAI score was judged to be ≥ 10 in 29% (11/38) of patients. Thirty-four percent (13/38) of patients were cirrhotic (Ishak ≥ 5) (Table 1).
| Parameters | |
| Age (yr) | 40.9 ± 14.6 |
| Males, n (%) | 20 (53) |
| ALT (U/L) | 54 (30) |
| TBil (μmol/L) | 11.5 (6.7) |
| Albumin (g/L) | 45.7 ± 3.5 |
| Platelets (× 103 μL) | 173.6 ± 63.6 |
| INR | 1.00 (0.10) |
| HCV RNA (log IU/L) | 6.24 ± 0.79 |
| LSM, kPa | 6.6 (3.6) |
| HCV genotype | |
| 1 | 23 (60) |
| 2 | 3 (8) |
| 3 | 12 (32) |
| Treatment, n (%) | |
| SOF + RBV | 17 (45) |
| DCV + ASV | 14 (37) |
| GZR + EBR | 7 (18) |
| HAI score, n (%) | |
| 0-3 | 6 (16) |
| 4-6 | 12 (32) |
| 7-9 | 9 (24) |
| ≥ 10 | 11 (29) |
| Ishak score, n (%) | |
| F0-2 | 8 (21) |
| F3-4 | 17 (45) |
| F5-6 | 13 (34) |
Eighty-two percent (31/38) of patients achieved improvement of HAI ≥ 2. The proportion with mild or no necroinflammation (HAI range: 0-3) increased from pretreatment 16% (6/38) to posttreatment 68% (26/38). The median HAI score decreased significantly after SVR (pretreatment 7.0 vs posttreatment 2.0, Z = -5.146, P = 0.000).
Compared to the proportion of pretreatment specimens, the proportion of absent or minimal/focal necroinflammation in individual components of the HAI score significantly decreased after SVR (periportal or periseptal interface hepatitis: 45% and 84%; confluent necrosis: 71% and 95%; focal lytic necrosis: 18% and 76%; portal inflammation: 21% and 68%). The proportion of patients with grade 3 or greater periportal hepatitis decreased from 37% (14/38) before SVR to 5% (2/38) after SVR (Figure 1A). The proportion of patients with grade 3 or greater confluent necrosis decreased from 29% (11/38) to 5% (2/38) after SVR (Figure 1B). Respectively, 71% (27/38) and 26% (10/38) of patients had a decrease or no change in focal lytic necrosis and focal inflammation score before and after SVR (Figure 1C). Eighty-two percent (31/38) of patients had decreased portal inflammation scores after SVR; and 47% (18/38) of patients had a decrease of 2-points or greater. The proportion of patients with grade 3 or greater portal inflammation decreased from 63% (24/38) to 11% (4/38) after SVR (Figure 1D). The median necroinflammation scores decreased significantly after SVR (periportal hepatitis: Pretreatment 2.0 vs posttreatment 0.0, Z = -4.620, P = 0.000; confluent necrosis: pretreatment 0.0 vs posttreatment 0.0, Z = -2.767, P = 0.006; focal lytic necrosis: pretreatment 2.0 vs posttreatment 1.0, Z = -4.670, P = 0.000; portal inflammation: pretreatment 3.0 vs posttreatment 1.0, Z = -4.826, P = 0.000).
Thirty-seven percent (14/38) of patients achieved fibrosis improvement and fibrosis stage in 61% (23/38) patients did not change. Overall, regression of liver fibrosis was documented in 34% (13/38) of patients, including one patient who regressed from F5 to F4. Five percent (2/38) of patients had progression of fibrosis: One progressed from F0 to F3, and the other from F5 to F6. The median Ishak score decreased significantly after SVR (pretreatment 4.0 vs posttreatment 3.0, Z = -2.354, P = 0.019).
Eighty-two percent (31/38) of patients reached the criterion of histological improvement. Specifically, 100% (3/3), 75% (3/4), 80% (4/5) and 92% (11/12) of patients achieved histological improvement in those with a pretreatment Ishak fibrosis score of 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, as did 77% (10/13) of cirrhotic patients.
The P-I-R classification was used to evaluate 23 paired liver biopsies of patients with a pretreatment Ishak score ≥ 3. The progressive group showed lower platelet (P = 0.024) and higher HAI scores (P = 0.070), followed, in turn, by the indeterminate and regressive groups before treatment. Although patients in the regressive group were younger and had less severe necroinflammation than those in the progressive and indeterminate groups, the differences were not significant after treatment (Table 2).
| Parameters | Progressive | Indeterminate | Regressive | P value |
| Pretreatment, n (%) | 15 (65) | 7 (30) | 1 (4) | |
| Age (yr) | 50.3 ± 12.3 | 43.9 ± 12.5 | 27.0 | 0.154 |
| Males, n (%) | 6 (40) | 3 (43) | 0 (0) | 0.709 |
| ALT (U/L) | 66 (57) | 48 (38) | 50 (0) | 0.469 |
| TBil (μmol/L) | 14.0 (8.0) | 12.0 (6.0) | 9.0 (0.0) | 0.642 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 44.0 ± 3.9 | 47.0 ± 3.1 | 45.0 | 0.233 |
| Platelets (× 103 μL) | 129.3 ± 60.2 | 188.0 ± 51.5 | 268.0 | 0.024 |
| INR | 1.04 (0.16) | 1.00 (0.2) | 1.00 (0.00) | 0.307 |
| HCV RNA (log IU/L) | 6.01 ± 0.66 | 6.46 ± 0.90 | 6.60 | 0.375 |
| LSM, kPa | 8.8 (14.8) | 6.6 (2.9) | 6.6 (0.0) | 0.331 |
| HAI score, n (%) | 0.070 | |||
| 0-3 | 0 (1) | 1 (14) | 0 (0) | |
| 4-6 | 1 (7) | 2 (29) | 1 (100) | |
| 7-9 | 4 (27) | 3 (43) | 0 (0) | |
| ≥ 10 | 10 (67) | 1 (14) | 0 (0) | |
| Ishak score, n (%) | 0.072 | |||
| 3-4 | 4 (27) | 5 (71) | 1 (100) | |
| 5-6 | 11 (73) | 2 (29) | 0 (0) | |
| Posttreatment, n (%) | 5 (22) | 9 (39) | 9 (39) | |
| Age (yr) | 50.4 ± 12.0 | 47.8±14.1 | 45.4 ± 13.4 | 0.802 |
| Males, n (%) | 1 (20) | 3 (33) | 5 (56) | 0.384 |
| ALT (U/L) | 25 (21) | 17 (8) | 15 (15.5) | 0.340 |
| TBil (μmol/L) | 19 (10) | 10 (6) | 14 (9) | 0.149 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 44.0 ± 4.2 | 44.9 ± 1.9 | 46.0 ± 1.8 | 0.353 |
| Platelets (× 103 μL) | 156.4 ± 63.3 | 184.4 ± 80.3 | 151.1 ± 65.8 | 0.552 |
| INR | 1.13 (0.15) | 1.00 (0.14) | 1.09 (0.15) | 0.052 |
| LSM, kPa | 11.5 (22.8) | 7.8 (7.4) | 6.8 (5.2) | 0.683 |
| HAI score, n (%) | 0.338 | |||
| 0-3 | 1 (20) | 4 (44) | 6 (67) | |
| 4-6 | 2 (40) | 4 (44) | 3 (33) | |
| 7-9 | 1 (20) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| ≥ 10 | 1 (20) | 1 (11) | 0 (0) | |
| Ishak score, n (%) | 0.339 | |||
| 3-4 | 2 (40) | 6 (67) | 6 (67) | |
| 5-6 | 3 (60) | 3 (33) | 3 (33) |
A comparison of posttreatment P-I-R fibrosis quality with changes in Ishak fibrosis stage between pretreatment and posttreatment is shown in Table 3. In 4 of 23 (17%) patients whose Ishak score decreased by 1 stage, none showed progressive injury after treatment, with 25% (1/4) and 75% (3/4) showing regressive and indeterminate, respectively. In those with stable Ishak stages, progressive injury after treatment was seen in 22% (4/18) of patients, 33% (6/18) were classified as indeterminate and regressive changes were seen in 44% (8/18) of patients who were judged as probably reversing by the Ishak and P-I-R systems. Only one patient with an increased Ishak stage in the posttreatment biopsy also showed progressive changes.
| Ishak (pre-post) | Posttreatment P-I-R score (n = 23) | ||
| Progressive (n = 5) | Indeterminate (n = 9) | Regressive (n = 9) | |
| Increase (n = 1) | Absolutely advancing 100% (1 of 1) | 0 | 0 |
| Stable (n = 18) | Probably advancing 22% (4 of 18) | 33% (6 of 18) | Probably reversing 44% (8 of 18) |
| Decrease (n = 4) | 0 | 75% (3 of 4) | Absolutely reversing 33% (1 of 3) |
Eight “probably reversing” cases are shown in Table 4. Fibrosis staging of these patients was stable after SVR. Histology of two “probably reversing” cases before and after SVR with DAAs is shown in Figure 2.
| Case No. | P-I-R | Ishak score | LSM (kPa) | |||
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | |
| 1 | P | R | 6 | 6 | 6.8 | 6.1 |
| 2 | P | R | 6 | 6 | 7.4 | 5.6 |
| 3 | I | R | 3 | 3 | 4.9 | 4.1 |
| 4 | P | R | 6 | 6 | 24.2 | 27 |
| 5 | P | R | 5 | 5 | 6.3 | 3.6 |
| 6 | I | R | 4 | 4 | 5.8 | 5.6 |
| 7 | P | R | 6 | 6 | 14.0 | 10.7 |
| 8 | I | R | 5 | 5 | 6.9 | 7.6 |
Our study of 38 paired liver biopsy specimens from HCV patients showed the histological changes after successful antiviral therapy with DAAs. Significant improvement of necroinflammation was achieved and fibrosis staging improved or did not worsen in most patients. Eighty-two percent of patients reached the criterion of histological improvement. The analysis of P-I-R classification of 23 paired liver biopsies showed that 65% of biopsies were in the progressive groups before SVR, which reduced to only 22% after SVR. Liver biopsy findings after successful HCV eradication by DAAs therapy have not been elucidated. Our study is important due to the availability of paired histological data before and after SVR.
Previous studies comparing liver biopsies of HCV patients before and after SVR indicated improvements in inflammation and fibrosis scores after SVR[4,10]. However, a small subset of patients display persistent hepatic inflammation and/or progression to cirrhosis despite SVR[5,11,12], and regression of fibrosis varies[4,13,14].
A 5-year follow-up study on HCV patients with 49 paired pre-treatment and long-term follow-up biopsies showed that 45 (92%) patients had a decrease in the combined inflammation score after their 4th year of follow-up[4], and another study demonstrated long-term changes in liver histology following treatment of chronic HCV showed that patients with SVR had a significant decline in mean inflammation[15]. The longest hepatitis C study with paired liver samples had a median interval between the two biopsies of 93 mo: In total, 71% of patients with SVR treated with PR achieved inflammation improvement, while 23% worsened[12]. These studies reached relatively similar conclusions according to paired liver biopsies: Histological inflammation in hepatitis C patients with SVR significantly improved after long-term follow-up. However, in one study with paired liver biopsies from hepatitis C patients after successful interferon therapy, histological improvement was significant, but mild inflammation persisted in 87% of patients even after more than 4 years[16]. In another study of allograft liver biopsy specimens from patients achieving SVR after a liver transplant (LT) for HCV infection, fibrosis continued to progress in 23% of patients[5]. It should be noted that these conclusions were established based on evidence from the PR regimen. Data on the DAAs regimen are limited: A recent study on the histological findings of 25 HCV patients after successful DAAs therapy before LT, showed that 24% (6/25) of patients still had mild inflammation (HAI: 5-8), and 4% (1/25) had moderate inflammation (HAI: 9-12) after SVR. These proportions were similar to those in patients without SVR[11]. Our finding that significant improvement of necroin-flammation (improvement of HAI ≥ 2) was achieved in 82% of patients in a very short time after SVR demonstrated the rapid improvement in inflammation following successful DAAs treatment.
Clinical studies have clearly established that most patients demonstrated marked improvements in fibrosis following SVR after PR therapy[1,4,12]. However, in large clinical trials a minority of patients (7%-13%) maintained their level of fibrosis or even progressed to cirrhosis despite achieving SVR[5,10,17,18]. The above results are all derived from clinical studies of PR. The effect of DAAs on fibrosis in HCV patients after SVR has been unclear up to now. Noninvasive methods for assessing fibrosis have been applied[19-22]. However, histological improvement of fibrosis in HCV patients after successful DAAs treatment has not been extensively studied. We found fibrosis regression in 37% (14/38) of patients; however, one study indicated a weak effect of SVR on fibrosis regression in cirrhotic HCV patients after DAAs therapy before LT[11]. In another study of liver histopathology after LT in HCV patients after successful therapy with PR or DAAs, 23% of patients still had fibrosis progression[5]. The fact that only 34% of patients in our study were cirrhotic and were facing more complicated conditions after LT could explain the distinctions between our results and others.
The P-I-R score has been proposed to evaluate the quality of fibrosis activity based on the balance between progressive and regressive liver disease in HBV patients[6-8]. Our research first determined whether the P-I-R score had predictive value in HCV patients especially after SVR with DAAs. In 23 patients with paired liver biopsy samples, 65% of pretreatment biopsies were in the progressive groups, while the proportion decreased to 22% after SVR. Patients with a progressive form of fibrosis showed higher total HAI scores and portal inflammation than those with a regressive form of fibrosis. In 8 patients who were probably reversing, the posttreatment P-I-R scores were almost consistent with the changing tendency of noninvasive measurements of fibrosis indicating that the predictive value of P-I-R may be similar to that of noninvasive measurements. However, further assessment should be performed in future studies.
Our retrospective study of 38 paired liver biopsy specimens showed histological improvements in HCV patients with SVR after successful DAAs treatment. Histological improvement including necroinflammation and fibrosis were seen in most patients within a very short time after SVR. A preliminary examination of the application of the P-I-R score was performed in HCV patients. However, in view of the small sample size and short-term follow-up, larger and longer-term prospective studies and predictive factors for histological improvement after DAAs treatment should be performed in future studies.
Histological changes after direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) therapy in hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients have not been elucidated. Whether the predominantly progressive, indeterminate and predominately regressive (P-I-R) score has predictive value in HCV patients has not been investigated.
The key issues are whether DAAs improve histopathology in HCV patients rapidly and whether the P-I-R score has predictive value in HCV patients. The results will provide important information on the histological response to DAAs therapy and the potential value of the P-I-R score in HCV patients.
To obtain a full understanding of the effect of DAAs on the liver, we assessed the histological changes after DAAs therapy. We also evaluated the predictive value of the P-I-R score in HCV patients.
Chronic HCV patients with paired liver biopsy specimens before and after DAAs treatment were included. Sustained virologic response was defined as an undetectable serum HCV RNA level at 24 wk after treatment cessation. The Ishak system and P-I-R score were assessed.
Thirty-eight chronic HCV patients were included. Their mean age was 40.9 ± 14.6 years and 53% (20/38) were male. Eighty-two percent (31/38) and 37% (14/38) of patients achieved inflammation and fibrosis improvement, respectively. The P-I-R score was evaluated in 61% (23/38) of patients. In patients with stable Ishak stage after treatment: Progressive injury was seen in 22% (4/18) of patients, 33% (6/18) were classified as indeterminate and regressive changes were seen in 44% (8/18) of patients who were judged as probably reversing by the Ishak and P-I-R systems. Our results increased the knowledge on liver biopsy findings after successful HCV eradication by DAAs therapy. However, in view of the small sample size and short-term follow-up, larger and longer-term prospective studies and predictive factors for histological improvement after DAAs treatment should be performed in future studies.
Significant improvement of necroinflammation and partial remission of fibrosis in HCV patients occurred shortly after DAAs therapy. The P-I-R score has potential in predicting fibrosis in HCV patients.
Larger and longer-term prospective studies and predictive factors for histological improvement after DAAs treatment should be performed in future studies.
We thank Liu HX, MD for help with the statistical review.
Manuscript source: Unsolicited manuscript
Specialty type: Gastroenterology and hepatology
Country/Territory of origin: China
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P-Reviewer: Trifan A S-Editor: Chen XF L-Editor: Webster JR P-Editor: Ma YJ
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