Esophageal squamous papillomas with focal dermal hypoplasia and eosinophilic esophagitis

Abstract

Focal dermal hypoplasia (FDH) is a rare disorder of the mesodermal and ectodermal tissues. Here we present an eight-year-old female known to have FDH who presents with poor weight gain and dysphagia. She was diagnosed with multiple esophageal papillomas and eosinophilic esophagitis. She was successfully treated with argon plasma coagulation and ingested fluticasone propionate, which has not been described previously in a child.

Key Words: Focal dermal hypoplasia, Papilloma, Argon plasma coagulation, Eosinophils, Eosinophilic esophagitis, Esophageal diseases, Dysphagia

Core tip: Focal dermal hypoplasia (FDH) is a rare connective tissue disorder associated with squamous papillomas of the esophagus in older individuals. This case discusses an 8-year-old female with FDH who presented with dysphagia. She was found to have esophageal papillomas and eosinophilic esophagitis. Treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis is highlighted. Argon plasma coagulation has been shown to be safe for use in the small diameter of the esophagus of children but not specifically for destruction of esophageal papillomas. A successful approach to debulking esophageal papillomas in a child using argon plasma coagulation is described in this case.

INTRODUCTION

Focal dermal hypoplasia (FDH) or Goltz syndrome is a rare disorder of defective ectodermal and mesodermal tissue development[1]. There are only about 300 reported cases of FDH. The disorder is inherited in an X-linked dominant manner with a female predominance of 9:1. Females are heterozygous or mosaic for mutation in the PORCN gene; affected males are typically mosaic[2,3]. The primary clinical manifestations of FDH occur due to dysplasia of the connective tissue of the skin and skeletal tissue. The dermal connective tissue is attenuated, with thin-appearing collagen fibers leading to hypoplastic and atrophic areas of skin that often follow the lines of Blaschko. Skeletal malformations include syndactyly, oligodactyly, and split-hand/foot malformation[4,5]. Cleft lip can be present leading to feeding difficulty[6]. Mucocutaneous squamous papillomas have been reported on the mouth, nose, larynx, anus, and genitals[3,7,8]. There have been reports of multiple esophageal squamous papillomas in individuals over the age of 30[9,10]. These patients were described as having chronic dysphagia. We report the presence of distal esophageal papillomas in an eight-year-old child who had no such projections seen previously on barium swallow two years prior to endoscopy.

CASE REPORT

An eight-year-old female with focal dermal hypoplasia presented to the pediatric gastroenterology clinic for poor weight gain, dysphagia, and early satiety. She previously had a gastrostomy tube placed at three weeks of age due to cleft lip and palate, which were later repaired. The gastrostomy tube remained in place and was used sporadically as the patient and the parents were motivated to transition to oral intake of formula and foods. She had a history of difficulty with oral intake in the past; however, a tonsillectomy for tonsillar hypertrophy had led to improved feeding. Two years prior to establishing care with the pediatric gastroenterology clinic, she had a swallow study and a fluoroscopic upper gastrointestinal series that were normal. She denied odynophagia, although she endorsed the sensation of food getting stuck in her throat and chest. She reported having to clear her throat and drink water frequently during meals. She had no cough or respiratory complaints.

On exam she was very thin and emaciated with dysmorphic facial features and thin hair. She had multiple scars on her face, which appeared as an asymmetric, vascular, excoriated rash. There was a scar under her nose from the upper lip to the right of midline from previous cleft lip repair. She had a grade II/VI systolic murmur. Her lungs were clear. She had normoactive bowel sounds; her abdomen was soft, non-tender with no organomegaly. She had a low profile balloon gastrostomy tube in place.

An esophogram demonstrated multiple filling defects in the distal esophagus. The patient’s history of cleft lip and facial dysmorphism precluded esophageal manometric evaluation. The medical team elected to evaluate motility with an esophageal transit study using esophageal scintigraphy, which was remarkable for delayed clearance of contrast from the esophagus, especially in the supine position. She had gastric emptying scintigraphy, which showed mild delayed emptying (39% at two hours and 85% at four hours).

An esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) was performed with pancreatic stimulation; she had normal pancreatic enzyme levels. On endoscopy, however, she was noted to have multiple papillomas in her esophagus (Figure 1). Pathology of the specimen was consistent with a squamous papilloma (Figure 2). Human papilloma virus polymerase chain reaction testing was negative. She had esophageal eosinophilia on biopsies with > 80 eosinophils per high power field (hpf) in her distal esophagus and > 20 eosinophils per hpf in her proximal esophagus (Figure 3). Subsequent EGD after being on a proton pump inhibitor for over 6 weeks showed a similar number of papillomas, with biopsies revealing up to 20 eosinophils per hpf in the distal esophagus and 15 eosinophils per hpf in the proximal esophagus. At the time of the second EGD, debulking of her papillomas was completed using argon plasma coagulation. This procedure was performed using ERBE VIO APC system (ERBE USA Inc., Marietta, GA) and the PRECISE setting with an effect of 5. On re-evaluation three months after initial debulking, there was significantly less of a papilloma burden with only a small cluster of papillomas remaining. This small cluster was ablated again, using the argon plasma coagulation. Follow-up EGD demonstrated successful elimination of papillomas (Figure 4).

Figure 1 Esophageal endoscopic exam demonstrating multiple papillomas. A: View of esophageal papillomas in distal esophagus immediately above the level of the lower esophageal sphincter; B: View of the esophageal papillomas and thicken esophageal mucusa in the distal esophagus.

Figure 2 Low power cross section of squamous papilloma obtained from esophagus.

Figure 3 High power view of papilloma demonstrating eosinophilic infiltration.

Figure 4 Esophageal endoscopic follow up exam post-treatment with argon plasma coagulation and debulking of the papillomas.

Options for the treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis were discussed with the patient and parents. Allergy testing directed diet was not pursued. Given her skin disorder the implementation and interpretation of skin prick testing or skin atopy patch testing would have been technically difficult. Empiric food elimination diet or elemental diets were also presented but declined by the family as they felt any progress made in her transition from gastrostomy feeds to oral feeds would be lost with the initiation of restrictive diets or unpalatable formula. To treat the eosinophilic esophagitis, the patient was instructed to take fluticasone propionate metered dose inhaler 440 mcg directly into the mouth, swallowed rather than inhaled, twice a day. Her biopsy at three-month follow-up EGD demonstrated 15 eosinophils per hpf. The patient reported resolution of her dysphagia but continued early satiety with solid food. A combination of treatment with the promotility stimulant erythromycin ethylsuccinate 3 mg/kg per dose prior to each meal, along with introduction of overnight formula feedings via gastrostomy tube, facilitated adequate weight gain.

DISCUSSION

This case presents a child with FDH, a connective tissue disorder known to be associated with the formation of squamous papillomas in the nose, mouth, pharynx, airway, rectum, vagina and esophagus. The esophageal papillomas are hypothesized to be related to the high incidence of severe gastroesophageal reflux starting in infancy in FDH[9]. In two previous case reports, esophageal papillomas were noted at 30 and 56 years old; both patients were female with oral papillomas. The older patient had complained of dysphagia since she was a teen but did not definitely have esophageal papillomas identified until age 56[9,10]. Based on radiographic studies performed two years prior to our patient’s presentation, it is likely that she developed her papillomas between ages six and eight. What is unique in this scenario is that our patient is much younger than what has previously been reported in the literature about the development of esophageal squamous papillomas. Her complaint of dysphagia was supported by poor esophageal transit on nuclear medicine study.

Further complicating this patient’s presentation was eosinophilic esophagitis. There is evidence that connective tissue disorders are a risk factor for eosinophilic esophagitis. Ehler’s Danlos, Marfan, and Loeys-Dietz syndromes all have significantly higher rates of eosinophilic esophagitis than expected rates in the general population[11]. Although the exact cause of this association is unknown, it is speculated that it is likely related to poor esophageal connective tissue repair as well as to increases in immune modulating molecules in the esophageal tissue. To our knowledge this is the only report of a patient with FDH and eosinophilic esophagitis.

Although the delayed esophageal clearance was most likely related to the distal esophageal papillomas, it is known that motility deficits can lead to food impaction in eosinophilic esophagitis[12]. This can lead to serious complications such as perforation. Treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis has been shown to decrease the risk of impaction[13]. The patient in this case showed a partial histological response to ingested steroid therapy with a decrease in her mucosal eosinophil count. Her dysphagia improved with simultaneous treatment of her esophageal papillomas and eosinophilic esophagitis. We can only speculate, but suspect the largest symptomatic response as far as improved dysphagia was from debulking the papillomas.

Argon plasma coagulation has been shown to be an effective treatment for esophageal pathology with mucosal overgrowth such as Barrett’s esophagus[14]. Furthermore, it has been shown to be a safe treatment in children. Di Nardo et al[15] recently described a group of children with esophageal inlet patch who were unresponsive to proton pump inhibitor alone but responded well to argon plasma coagulation. Papillomatosis disease of the airway has been treated effectively with argon plasma coagulation; however, the technique does not appear to have been applied to esophageal papillomas[16]. We utilized the PRECISE setting, which is an ERBE proprietary setting. This setting creates superficial coagulation and tissue destruction using a low-energy output per unit time, which allows for cautery in temperature-sensitive or thin-walled structures[17]. The use of argon plasma coagulation in the small diameter esophagus of a child allowed the safe and controlled destruction of the papillomas while lowering the concern for unintended thermal damage. The desired endoscopic and symptomatic result was obtained using this technique.

There are multiple unique aspects to this single case description. We demonstrate that esophageal papillomas can be safely debulked using argon plasma coagulation. We also demonstrate a patient with focal dermal hypoplasia presenting with esophageal papillomas at an age much younger than previously shown in the literature. Finally, we identified a patient with both focal dermal hypoplasia and eosinophilic esophagitis. This is a potential association that has not yet been described, but has biologic plausibility given the association between eosinophilic esophagitis and connective tissue disorders. The young age of this patient and her comorbid eosinophilic esophagitis and esophageal papillomas present an argument for endoscopic evaluation of patients with focal dermal hypoplasia for pathological causes of feeding disorders or dysphagia.

COMMENTS

Case characteristics

An 8-year-old girl with focal dermal hypoplasia presented with dysphagia.

Clinical diagnosis

Multiple esophageal papillomas noted on esophagogastroduodenoscopy.

Differential diagnosis

Human papilloma virus, squamous papillomas associated with focal dermal hypoplasia.

Laboratory diagnosis

Human papilloma virus polymerase chain reaction negative.

Imaging diagnosis

Esophageal and gastric scintigraphy demonstrated a delayed esophageal clearance and mild dealyed gastric emptying.

Pathological diagnosis

Squamous cell papillomas with eosinophilic esophagitis.

Treatment

Endoscopic application of argon plasma coagulation for debulking of esophageal papillomas.Swallowed fluticasone proprionate metered dose inhaler 440 mcg twice a day for eosinophilic esophagitis.

Related reports

Focal dermal hypoplasia is a rare entity that is associated with esophageal squamous papillomas; however, these have only previously been identified in adults. Argon plasma coagulation has been used safely in children for the destruction of esophageal pathology but not specifically for papilloma removal.

Term explanation

Focal dermal hypoplasia (FDH) is a very rare connective tissue disorder.

Experiences and lessons

The authors found our patient to have both esophageal papillomas and eosinophilic esophagitis. Her papillomas were part of her rare underlying condition of focal dermal hypoplasia. Her eosinophilic esophagitis was treated using swallowed corticosteroids following accepted guidelines. They described a novel approach to treating esophageal papillomas in children using argon plasma coagulation.

Peer-review

The manuscript is an interesting case report of a rare disease (FDH) combined with eosinophilic esophagitis. It is a well written, referenced and illustrated manuscript.