Retrospective Study Open Access
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2015. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Gastroenterol. Dec 28, 2015; 21(48): 13532-13541
Published online Dec 28, 2015. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i48.13532
Clinical comparison of laparoscopy vs open surgery in a radical operation for rectal cancer: A retrospective case-control study
Chen Huang, Jing Zhang, Tao Jiang, Wei-Dong Wu, Jun Cao, Ke-Jian Huang, Zheng-Jun Qiu, Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
Jia-Cheng Shen, Department of General Surgery, Yancheng Third People’s Hospital, The affiliated Yancheng hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Yancheng 224001, Jiangsu Province, China
Author contributions: Huang C, Shen JC, Zhang J and Jiang T contributed equally to this paper; Huang C designed and performed this research; Shen JC collected the data and contributed to the analysis; Zhang J contributed to the analysis and wrote the paper; Jiang T analyzed data and modified the paper; Wu WD, Cao J and Huang KJ provided clinical advice; Qiu ZJ designed and performed the research and supervised the report.
Supported by Grants from the Shanghai Municipal Human Resources and Social Security Bureau, No. 2012040 and No. 13PJD024 to Huang C; grant from the Shanghai Health and Family Planning Commission, No. XYQ2013092 to Huang C; and grant from Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission, No. 14411966800 to Huang C.
Institutional review board statement: Our study was a retrospective case-control study between laparoscopic surgery and open surgery in rectal cancer. And the study was and approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai First People’s Hospital Affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare that they have no conflict-of-interest and we have no financial relationships to disclose.
Data sharing statement: No additional data are available.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: Zheng-Jun Qiu, MD, Professor, Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China. richard-hc@sohu.com
Telephone: +86-21-63240090 Fax: +86-21-63240090-3121
Received: July 8, 2015
Peer-review started: July 8, 2015
First decision: August 26, 2015
Revised: September 6, 2015
Accepted: November 9, 2015
Article in press: November 9, 2015
Published online: December 28, 2015
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Abstract

AIM: To assess the diverse immediate and long-term clinical outcomes, a retrospective comparison between laparoscopic and conventional operation was performed.

METHODS: A total number of 916 clinical cases, from January 2006 to December 2013 in our hospital, were analyzed which covered 492 patients underwent the laparoscopy in radical resection (LRR) and 424 cases in open radical resection (ORR). A retrospective analysis was proceeded by comparing the general information, surgery performance, pathologic data, postoperative recovery and complications as well as long-term survival to investigate the diversity of immediate and long-term clinical outcomes of laparoscopic radical operation.

RESULTS: There were no statistically significance differences between gender, age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), tumor loci, tumor node metastasis stages, cell differentiation degree or American Society of Anesthesiologists scores of the patients (P > 0.05). In contrast to the ORR group, the LRR group experienced less operating time (P < 0.001), a lower blood loss (P < 0.001), and had a 2.44% probability of conversion to open surgery. Postoperative bowel function recovered more quickly, analgesic usage and the average hospital stay (P < 0.001) were reduced after LRR. Lymph node dissection during LRR appeared to be slightly more than in ORR (P = 0.338). There were no obvious differences in the lengths and margins (P = 0.182). And the occurrence rate in the two groups was similar (P = 0.081). Overall survival rate of ORR and LRR for 1, 3 and 5 years were 94.0% and 93.6% (P = 0.534), 78.1% and 80.9% (P = 0.284) and 75.2% and 77.0% (P = 0.416), respectively.

CONCLUSION: Laparoscopy as a radical operation for rectal cancer was safe, produced better immediate outcomes. Long-term survival of laparoscopy revealed that it was similar to the open operation.

Key Words: Laparoscopic; Open surgery; Short-term outcomes; Long-term outcomes; Rectal cancer

Core tip: This is a retrospective case-control study between laparoscopic surgery and open surgery in rectal cancer. There are 916 clinical cases, collecting from January 2006 to December 2013 in our hospital, which covered 492 cases in laparascopic group and 424 cases in open group. We compared the general information, surgery performance, pathologic data, postoperative recovery and complication as well as the long-term survival of the patients. And than we concluded that laparoscopy can produce better immediate outcomes in rectal cancers. And the long-term survival of laparoscopy was similar to the open operation.



INTRODUCTION

It has been estimated that about 1.4 million new cases of colorectal cancer are diagnosed worldwide and nearly 0.7 million colorectal cancer-related deaths occur, of which about 33% are due to rectal cancer[1]. Owing to the restriction of surgery and medicine the prognoses of rectal cancer patients are critically poor, with up to 40% locoregional recurrence and less than a 50% 5-year survival rate before the 1980s[2]. With improvement of surgery and treatment with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, radiotherapy and immune therapy, the recurrence rates have been reduced with survival rates now greater than 70%[3].

It is more than 20 years since laparoscopy was applied to the treatment of malignant colorectal cancer by Jacobs and others[4]. With improved techniques and updated surgical instruments, laparoscopy is more widely used to treat rectal cancer. Its principal advantages are its clear view and reduced wounding, less interference to the immune system, quick postoperative recovery and a lower overall operating expense[5-7]. Yet many controversies remain whether laparoscopy, although minimally invasive, is inferior to conventional open surgery for the long-term treatment of this serious cancer. For example, it has been suggested that laparoscopy may stimulate tumor invasion and metastasis. Most large scale randomized controlled trials (RCT) worldwide have conducted research [conventional vs laparoscopic-assisted surgery in colorectal cancer (CLASICC), colorectal cancer laparoscopic or open resection (COLOR), etc.] on colon rather than rectal cancer. In 2013, National Comprehensive Cancer Network tended to recommend laparoscopy for rectal cancer patients with clinical research trials encouraged to compare laparoscopic and conventional operations.

A large body of research exists, which involved a comparison between laparoscopic and open radical resection for rectal cancer[8]. The research included resection margin length of both sides, mesentery length and the number of lymph nodes retrieved, which suggested the same effectiveness of radical laparoscopy to an open operation[9,10]. However, laparoscopic surgery also has the advantage of less trauma, less pain postoperatively and a reduced hospital stay for patients. In previous years, laparoscopy took longer than open section surgery but now laparoscopy can be completed in about the same time as open section, mainly due to the accumulation of practical surgical experience using this technique; one additional benefit is the reduced occurrence of complications[11]. Research on the long-term curative effect has revealed closely similar 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates of laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery compared to open resection[6,12-14]. Earlier research found a high incidence of postoperative implantation metastasis and peritoneal implantation metastasis after laparoscopic radical surgery for rectal cancer[15]. But recent research has reported a similar implantation metastasis incidence for laparoscopic and open section[16]. It was assumed that earlier outcomes could have been related to the neglect of tumor-free principles during the operations.

RCT research includes that of Milson, Schwandner, CLASICC[9,10,17] and others, who reached the conclusion of the similar long-term benefits of laparoscopic and open resection for rectal cancer. Leung also concluded that there were similar long-term effects of laparoscopic and conventional surgery for recto sigmoid colon cancer[16]. The RCT research focused on laparoscopic and open section for rectal tumors, which was conducted by Gong, Park and the COLOR II stage experiments are still in progress[13,18,19]. From the perspective of evidence-based medicine, a RCT outcome based on large number of cases should prove the long-term efficacy or otherwise of a laparoscopic radical operation for rectal cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patients

Between January 2006 and December 2013, 492 patients in group LRR and 424 patients in group ORR in the Shanghai First People’s Hospital Affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University were enrolled in our study. Open surgeries (OP) and laparoscopic-assisted surgeries (LAP) were performed by the same surgical teams, respectively. Two groups of patients underwent preoperative colonoscopy and had biopsy-proven adenocarcinoma. The trial received approval from the Shanghai First Peoples’ Hospital Affiliated Shanghai Jiao Tong University research ethics committee and prior written informed consent was obtained from all patients.

Patients diagnosed with rectal cancer without other serious diseases were included in the study. Patients with distant metastasis of the tumor or associated malignant tumor; intestinal obstruction; recurrence of the tumor or other digestive system malignancy; those who had a palliative operation for the tumor which could not be resected or had widespread metastasis in the abdominal cavity, were excluded from the study.

Preoperative preparation and operation procedures

Both groups had preoperative fiber colonoscopy and biopsy for pathology confirmation of a clear diagnosis of rectal cancer. Preoperative staging was evaluated by enhanced CT or MRI scanning of the abdomen and pelvis, as well as chest X-ray films, ultrasonography or other assisted auxiliary examination. Both teams employed preoperative intestinal preparations: twice oral gentamicin 80000 U/d, 3 times 0.4 g oral metronidazole for 3 d, and 1 d fluid food before surgery. Polyethylene glycol-electrolyte powder was given to prepare the bowel.

Both groups were operated on by a fixed team of experienced physicians. Under the tumor-free technique principle, the operation should be performed based on colorectal cancer radical excision and rectal tumor patients should be operated according to TME principles. The preoperative preparation of the laparoscopy group closely mimicked the open resection group. Patients were placed in the bladder lithotomy position, with tracheal intubation anesthesia and a pneumoperitoneum established under a maintained pressure of 10-14 mmHg. The 5-trocar technique was adopted by using an ultrasound knife to incise the sigmoid right-sided mesentery and clear the peritoneum to free up presacral space to the right side of the rectum. A medical grasper was used to retract the superior rectum vessels and was directed upwards in a retrograde direction to facilitate separation of the left-sided Toldt anadesma, reveal the ureter and bare the root of the upper mesentery artery. A part of the upper mesentery artery and the inferior mesenteric aorta in the horizontal position was separated using a titanium clamp. Downward pressure was used to separate the presacral space and remove the peritoneum from the right side of the rectum. The sigmoid was isolated and the peritoneum removed to the left side of the rectum and also the anterior sacral fascia to protect the hypogastric nerve and pots plexus. Next, the antetheca denonvillier fascia was separated as well as the right and left ligament down to the pelvic floor, and a further incision made 3-5 cm below the umbilicus in the center. Through this incision, gradually the rectal tumor was removed in the same way as during an open operation. Subsequently, an intestinal anastomosis was completed or an enterostomy, and the pelvic region rinsed with copious quantities of distilled water to decrease the growth of cancer cells. A regular drainage tube was indwelled close to the anastomotic area and was routed to the lower abdomen or ischiorectal fossa. Open section mainly used a high frequency electric knife and the operative principle and methods were identical to LRR operated group.

Perioperative surveillance, postoperative management and follow-up evaluation

Common data included gender, age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), tumor location, tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging, cell differentiation grade, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) scores and so on. The operative index included the time to complete the operation, blood loss, sample lengths, average retrieved lymph node numbers and the conversation rates. The postoperative pain score on day 1 was adopted as the basis of a numerical rating scale. The degree of pain was assessed by a number from 0 to 10 in which 0 was pain-free and 10 was the highest pain intensity experienced by patients. Individual patients specified their degree of pain: 0-4 was mild pain; 5-6 medium pain, and 7-10 severe pain. Postoperative data was recorded which included comprised peristalsis recovery time, exsufflation time, time until off-bed, time until the first liquid and semi-liquid intake, duration of hospital stay and the overall hospitalization duration.

FOLFOX plan, XELOX plan and the Capecitabine plan were regularly deployed in postoperative chemotherapy for 6 mo, apart from cancer stage 0 and I. The postoperative follow-up commonly involved a clinical visit or telephone follow-up. As of 28th February 2014, the shortest follow-up duration was 2 mo, the longest 109 mo and the average 55 mo, with a 95.1% follow up success rate.

Statistical analysis

SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 17.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, United States) was used for analyses. A t-test was used to analyze normally distributed data and a Mann-Whitney U-test for other types of distributions. A χ2 test was used to analyze count data. P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. The survival cures for two group were used Kaplan-Meier method, and the log-rank test was applied to analyze the differences between the results.

RESULTS
Clinical data of patients

Of the 916-recorded cases, 492 cases were LRR. There were 301 males and 191 females, aged 64.5 ± 11.9, BMI index 23.274 ± 3.463, I stage 93 cases, II stage 218 cases and III stage 181 cases in TNM staging, with one-score for 109 cases, two-scores for 321 cases and three-scores for 62 cases in ASA assessments. In 424 cases in the ORR group, there were 243 males and 181 females, aged 63.3 ± 12.3, BMI index 23.438 ± 3.533, I stage 83 cases, II stage 211 and III stage 130 cases in TNM staging, with one-score 108 cases, two-score 264 and three-score 52 cases in ASA scores. The cases of previous abdominal surgery in ORR and LRR group were 75 and 65. There was comparability between the two groups in terms of age, gender, tumor staging, ASA scores and so on (P > 0.05; see Table 1).

Table 1 Clinical comparison of radical operation data for rectal cancer.
LRR (n = 492)ORR (n = 424)P value
Gender
Male3012430.235
Female191181
Age (yr, mean ± SD)64.5 ± 11.963.3 ± 12.30.290
BMI (kg/m2)23.274 ± 3.46323.438 ± 3.5330.999
Preoperative comorbid diseases52.8% (260/492)58.7% (249/424)0.074
Hypertension6057
Coronary heart disease3734
Arrhythmia2120
COPD1013
Pulmonary infection35
Asthma23
Diabetes4270
Hepatic cirrhosis43
Cerebral infarction206
Renal failure177
Autoimmune50
Others3931
ASA score0.498
I109108
II321264
III6252
Previous abdominal surgery75 (15.2%)65 (15.3%)0.971
Comparison of LRR and ORR operations

The operation time of LRR was shorter than ORR (143.89 ± 50.865 min vs 164.86 ± 67.993 min), with a difference that reached statistical significance (P < 0.001). ORR produced more blood loss than LRR (111.54 ± 97.148 mL vs 154.03 ± 154.545 mL) and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Proximal and distal margins for both samples were negative. The sample length obtained from LRR and ORR were not significantly different (P = 0.182) but the distal margin of LRR was longer compared to ORR (3.214 ± 1.8727 cm vs 2.873 ± 2.4913 cm) the difference being statistically significant (P = 0.022). The average retrieved lymph node numbers during LRR appeared to be slightly above ORR but it was not statistically different (P = 0.338). In LRR there were 12 cases of conversion (2.4% conversion rate) to open resection comprising 1 case of surgical bleeding, 6 cases of tight adhesion between the tumor and surrounding tissues and 5 cases of serious abdominal and pelvic adhesion. Table 2 summarizes these operative results.

Table 2 Surgery index.
LRR (n = 492)ORR (n = 424)P value
Surgery duration (min)143.89 ± 50.865164.86 ± 67.993< 0.001
Surgery bleeding (mL)111.54 ± 97.148154.03 ± 154.545< 0.001
Maximum incision (cm)4.14 ± 0.73813.8 ± 2.603< 0.001
Conversions to open12 (2.4%)
Tumor diameter (cm)4.338 ± 1.63874.325 ± 1.82740.914
Sample length(cm)18.050 ± 5.174817.553 ± 5.79950.182
Proximal margin (cm)10.487 ± 4.290610.673 ± 5.21750.567
Distal margin (cm)3.214 ± 1.87272.873 ± 2.49130.022
Lymph nodes retrieved (unit)11.09 ± 6.50310.68 ± 6.3210.338
Pathology findings

After postoperative pathology, 88 cases were well-differentiated, 285 cases moderately-differentiated, 86 cases poorly-differentiation and 33 cases of mucinous cancer in LRR, while 92 cases were well-differentiated, 237 moderately-differentiated, 72 cases poorly-differentiated and 23 cases of mucinous cancer in ORR. The differences were not statistically significantly different (P = 0.476). For TNM staging, LRR contained 93 cases of I stage, 218 cases of II stage and 181 cases of III stage while ORR were 83 cases of I stage, 211 cases of II stage and 130 cases of III stage cancer, but the apparent differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.134). Table 3 shows the results in detail.

Table 3 Pathology findings.
LRRORRχ2P value
Differentiation2.4950.476
Well-differentiated8892
Moderate-differentiation285237
Poorly-differentiated8672
Mucinous cancer3323
pT7.4680.058
T13329
T2164108
T3207193
T48894
pN6.8650.076
N0252233
N114796
N27573
Nx1822
Lymph node metastasis0.259
Yes240191
No252233
TNM stage0.134
I9383
II218211
III181130
Perioperative complications

There were 95 cases of perioperative complications (19.3% incidence rate) for LRR which included: 3 cases of ureter injury, 2 cases of massive hemorrhage, 7 cases of postoperative bleeding, 3 cases of anastomotic hemorrhage, 24 cases of anastomotic leakage, 7 cases of incisional infection, 8 cases of ileus, 1 case of pelvic abscess, 8 cases of pulmonary infection, 2 cases of acute cardiac failure, 1 case of deep vein thrombosis, and 1 case of lymphatic fistula. For ORR, with (a 24.1% occurrence rate) there were 102 cases of perioperative complications in the ORR group, which were: 1 case of ureter injury, 15 cases of anastomotic leakage, 27 cases of incisional infection, 1 case of postoperative pelvic abscess, 9 cases of inflammatory ileus, 10 cases of acute cardiac failure and 2 cases of sudden death. The incidence rate of perioperative complications in the LRR and ORR groups were not significantly different (P = 0.081). Table 4 shows the results in detail.

Table 4 Perioperative complications for the 2 groups n (%).
LRR (n = 492)ORR (n = 424)χ2P value
Occurrence rate of perioperative complications19.3% (95/492)24.1% (102/424)3.0410.081
Intraoperative complications10 (2)4 (0.9)1.7950.180
Massive hemorrhage (> 1000 mL)2 (0.41)1 (0.24)
Organ injury3 (0.61)2 (0.47)
Equipment disorders4 (0.81)0
Other3 (0.61)1 (0.24)
Post-operative complications85 (17.3)98 (23.31)4.8530.028
Anastomotic leakage24 (4.88)15 (3.54)
Wound infection7 (1.42)27 (6.37)
Ileus8 (1.63)9 (2.12)
Anastomotic hemorrhage3 (0.61)2 (0.47)
Pelvic abscess1 (0.20)1 (0.24)
Abdominal hemorrhage7 (1.42)4 (0.94)
Peritonitis/septic shock9 (1.83)7 (1.65)
Incisional/port herniation4 (0.81)10 (2.36)
Deep vein thrombosis1 (0.20)0
Lymphatic fistula1 (0.20)0
Pulmonary infection8 (1.63)2 (0.47)
Acute cardiac failure2 (0.41)10 (2.36)
Urinary infection4 (0.81)4 (0.94)
Incision split4 (0.81)5 (1.18)
Sudden death2 (0.41)2 (0.47)
Postoperative recovery

The duration of LRR was distinctly shorter than ORR in terms of peristalsis recovery (P < 0.001), off-bed time (P = 0.017), gastrointestinal decompression (P < 0.001), retention catheterization (P < 0.001), oral food time (P < 0.001), abdominal drainage (P = 0.008), hospital stay (P < 0.001) and various other aspects. The difference in duration for the two groups was statistically different. Table 5 shows the detailed results.

Table 5 Postoperative recovery.
LRR (n = 407)ORR (n = 326)P value
Peristalsis recovery (d)1.91 ± 0.892.41 ± 1.13< 0.001
Exsufflation recovery (d)3.03 ± 1.253.96 ± 1.53< 0.001
Off-bed (d)2.80 ± 1.263.38 ± 1.07< 0.017
Liquid intake (d)3.90 ± 1.4465.08 ± 1.763< 0.001
Semi-liquid intake (d)6.55 ± 1.9107.59 ± 2.065< 0.001
Abdominal drainage (d)9.48 ± 7.38611.07 ± 10.484< 0.008
Retention catheterization (d)5.63 ± 3.6136.67 ± 4.043< 0.001
Post-op hospital stay (d)12.27 ± 3.15618.32 ± 5.406< 0.001
Total hospital stay (d)21.50 ± 4.99125.81 ± 7.868< 0.001
Postoperative analgesics and pain scores

LRR was significantly less than ORR in terms of the requirement for postoperative analgesic administration (P < 0.001). The difference in the NRS postoperative pain score between the 2 groups was statistically significant showing that the degree of postoperative pain for LRR was evidently less than that after ORR (Table 6).

Table 6 Postoperative analgesics and pain scores.
LRR (n = 492)ORR (n = 424)χ2P value
Analgesic usage95.31< 0.001
No299121
PCIA152273
Short-acting drug4130
Post-op pain degree21.43< 0.001
Mild263193
Medium213186
Severe1645
Economic cost

The overall hospitalization cost for LRR and ORR was little different because although the operation costs of LRR were more than ORR, the cost of medication for LRR was lower than ORR. Thus, overall there was no statistically significantly difference between the costs of the operation as detailed in Table 7.

Table 7 Economic costs of the operations.
LRR (n = 492)ORR (n = 424)P value
Operation fee (RMB)13628 ± 677110761 ± 5056< 0.001
Medication (RMB)15859 ± 1020317562 ± 70060.06
Total hospitalization (RMB)40889 ± 1935642381 ± 179150.234
Post-operation survival

A 95.1% patient follow-up was achieved with an average duration time of 55 mo. For the total survival rate, the 1-year overall survival rate for ORR and LRR was 94.0% and 93.6% (P = 0.534), 3-year overall survival rate 78.1% and 80.9% (P = 0.284) and the 5-year overall survival rate 75.2% and 77.0% (P = 0.416), respectively. In stage I, the 1-year overall survival rate for ORR and LRR was 93.8% and 99.2% (P = 0.402), 3-year survival rate 91.6% and 90.3% (P = 0.774) and the 5-year survival rate 89.2% and 88.2% (P = 0.837), respectively. In stageII, the 1-year overall survival rate for ORR and LRR was 92.8% and 94.7% (P = 0.489), 3-year survival rate 79.1% and 86.2% (P = 0.052) and the 5-year survival rate 76.8% and 81.7% (P = 0.140), respectively. For Stage III, the 1 year overall survival rate for ORR and LRR was 87.8% and 91.9% (P = 0.178), the 3-year survival rate 69.2% and 70.7% (P = 0.777) and the 5-year survival rate 65.4% and 66.9% (P = 0.787), respectively. Refer to Table 8 and the survival curves in Figures 1A-D for the relevant data.

Figure 1
Figure 1 Different stages of postoperative survival status. A: Stage I postoperative survival status; B: Stage II postoperative survival status; C: Stage III postoperative survival status; D: Overall postoperative survival status for both groups. LRR: Laparoscopy in radical resection; ORR: Open radical resection.
Table 8 Postoperative survival rates.
LRRORRP value
Post-op 1-yr
I99.2%93.8%0.402
II94.7%92.8%0.489
III91.9%87.8%0.178
Total survival rate93.6%94.0%0.534
Post-op 3-yr
I90.3%91.6%0.774
II86.2%79.1%0.052
III70.7%69.2%0.777
Total survival rate80.9%78.1%0.284
Post-op 5-yr
I88.2%89.2%0.837
II81.7%76.8%0.140
III66.9%65.4%0.787
Total survival rate77.0%75.2%0.416
DISCUSSION

Due to advances in surgical techniques and medication, the outcomes of rectal cancer treatment have considerably improved[20]. In spite of various published studies[3,13] concerning the similar long-term outcomes of rectal cancer produced by laparoscopic surgery, the argument for choosing laparoscopy or open surgery is still heated. In the latest randomized trial for rectal cancer, it was reported that the disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival rates for LRR and ORR group were similar[20]. In our current trial, we studied the advantages and disadvantages of laparoscopic vs an open operation, and have retrospectively compared perioperative complications, postoperative recovery, economic costs, survival and so on, of rectal cancer treated in our hospital from January 2006 to December 2013.

Based on published literature[5,7,21], we understand that the short-term outcomes of the LRR group are superior to the ORR group. In early stage laparoscopic radical rectal tumor surgery, much more time is required than for an open operation[9]. With the improvement of medical devices, sufficient training and accumulated experience, the operating time between the two groups was shown to be similar with no statistical significance[22]. In the present study, we found that the operating time of the LRR group was shorter than that of the ORR group, with statistical significance being achieved. It was reported in COLOR II[18] that the blood loss volume was much less than that of open surgery proving definitively that laparoscopic surgery is capable of decreasing the hemorrhage volume. In the present study, the volume of intraoperative bleeding in the LRR group was clearly less than that in the ORR group. This finding can probably be attributed to the fact that operators benefit from the magnified view of laparoscopy, and also improved equipment that can effectively stop bleeding. The clearance and sufficient length of the resected sample was markedly key for the success of each operation. CLASICC showed that the resected intestinal segment in laparoscopic and in open surgery were similar in length[9], and our research verified further that the lengths of the resected sample in the LRR and ORR groups were similar, with no statistical difference being found. However, we established that the distal margin of tumor in the LRR group was longer than in the ORR group and we hypothesized that the difference between the two groups may be caused by preponderant visualization of laparoscopy in the lower pelvis. It was illustrated in detailed by Schwandner et al[10] that there was no difference in the lymph nodes harvested in the two groups, findings consistent with our data. The average lymph nodes retrieved from LRR and ORR were 11.09 ± 6.503 and 10.68 ± 6.321 (P = 0.338) in our study, which suggested a small disparity in the number of lymph nodes retrieved in LRR compared to ORR.

The NRS pain score of the ORR group was much higher than the scores of the LRR group (P < 0.001), and the average postoperative analgesics usage for LRR patients was much less than ORR patients (P < 0.001). We conclude that the postoperative pain degree of the LRR group was obviously milder than in the ORR group, findings consistent with previous reports[6,12,23]. Additionally, the recovery time of intestinal function, off-bed time, regular food intake time, hospital stay and other aspects were evidently less than after ORR, which is in accordance with Schwandner[10], COLOR II[18] and other reports.

It is well documented that the leading reasons for conversion to open surgery included extensive abdominal metastasis, over-sized tumors and a confused anatomic relationship due to serious pelvic adhesion, etc.[6,12,24-26]. The conversion rate was 2.44% in the current research, which is lower than the well-documented 5% of other studies. The potential cause of this discrepancy could be due to the full assessment of partial status for rectal tumor, the high admittance standard for studied cases and the elimination of advanced tumor patients from the study. In addition, a large amount of laparoscopic radical surgery for rectal cancer had been undertaken in our institute prior to this study. Thus, we had had completed the study curve and obtained extensive experience for a lower conversion rate between the two surgical techniques. Moreover, the incidence of perioperative complication rates in the LRR group was similar to that in the ORR group as previously reported[27], findings parallel to our results, with no statistical significance between the LRR (19.3%) and ORR (24.1%) groups.

Economic efficiency is also a vital appraisal index for technology. It has been well documented that the surgical expenses for laparoscopic are well above those for open surgery due to its use of disposable surgical instruments and higher anesthesia costs, and technology equipment standards[28,29]. However, Choi assumed that the surgical expenses only consisted of partial expenses which should have included anesthesia, inspection, medication, medical care agents and other consumption goods[28]. In our research, LRR surgical expenses were a slightly more costly than conventional procedures (P < 0.001) while the medication required for LRR was less than that of ORR, which possessed no difference of statistical importance (P = 0.06). In general, there was no obvious difference between LRR and ORR in terms of total hospitalization costs (P = 0.234). Considering a briefer hospital stay and quick recovery after LRR, the nursing labor costs will be significantly lower, which suggests that the laparoscopic approach is the most cost effective.

Concerning the survival outcomes, various studies have shown that the short-term survival and long-term survival between the LRR and ORR groups is similar. The survival outcomes of the COREAN trial revealed that the 3-year DFS rate was 72.5% in the ORR group and therefore similar to that in the LRR group (79.2%)[30]. Based on published comparative retrospective studies, we have found that the 5-year DFS between the LRR and ORR groups was separately 82% and 79% with no statistical difference[31]. Importantly, a randomized multicenter study revealed that the DFS rates for LRR and ORR group were 74.8% and 70.8% respectively, and that the overall survival rates for the LRR and ORR group were 86.7% and 83.6%, with no statistical difference being detected[20]. In the present study, the follow-up duration of the 2 groups was 55 mo in total, with a 95.1% follow-up rate being achieved. We have illustrated that the 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rate between the ORR and LRR groups were not statistically significant (94.0% vs 93.6%, P = 0.534; 78.1% vs 80.9%, P = 0.284; 75.2% vs 77.0%, P = 0.416), findings similar to the published literature. The results here suggest that the laparoscopic radical operation is analogous to open resection and has prior immediate and long-term clinical effects. It may be related to the proficiency of laparoscopic techniques as well as the relatively protective functions of laparoscopy for its less interference in cell immunity functions. Thus, the long-term survival of laparoscopic patients for rectal cancer proved equal to those given open operations.

In this original clinical research, we conclude that a laparoscopic-assisted operation has more benefits due to reduced trauma, less postoperative pain and a reduced stay in hospital, as well as faster recovery from radical rectal malignancy therapy. It is clear that the surgical scope and radical effects of tumors were similar in the laparoscopic and open resection techniques. In addition, overall hospitalization expenses, immediate perioperative complications and the long-term survival rates of patients who experienced laparoscopic surgery closely resembled the conventional operation. Thus, laparoscopic surgery may become the most effective therapy for rectal malignancy in the future.

COMMENTS
Background

As we all know, the argument for choosing laparoscopy or open surgery in rectal cancer is heated due to the inconsistent outcomes reported by different research centers. In the latest randomized trial for rectal cancer, it was reported that the disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival rates for laparoscopy in radical resection (LRR) and open radical resection (ORR) group were similar. In this study, they compared the short-term outcomes and long-term outcomes between the LRR group and ORR group.

Research frontiers

The outcomes between LRR group and ORR group in rectal cancer was inconsistent. Their study compared the short-term and long-term outcomes between LRR group and ORR group, and concluded the similar results reported in the lasted randomized trial for rectal cancer.

Innovations and breakthroughs

It is a retrospective case-control study performed in rectal cancer with different operations, and the authors compared the short-term and long-term outcomes between the LRR group and ORR group.

Applications

The outcomes between LRR group and ORR group in rectal cancer verified that the laparascopic surgery could have a better result than open surgery. It may affect the choice of surgery in rectal cancer.

Terminology

Conventional vs laparoscopic-assisted surgery in colorectal cancer and colorectal cancer laparoscopic or open resection: Two trials mainly compared the survival of overall survival, disease-free survival, progression-free survival between the LRR and ORR groups in colorectal cancer.

Peer-review

The authors conducted a clinical retrospective study to compare the short and long-term outcomes between laparoscopic and open surgery for rectal cancer in the Chinese population. They concluded that the laparoscopic resection as a radical operation was safe and effective, while the long-term survival of patients treated with laparoscopic surgery was similar to those with open surgery.

Footnotes

P- Reviewer: Murata A S- Editor: Gong ZM L- Editor: Filipodia E- Editor: Zhang DN

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