Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis as the initial manifestation of gastric adenocarcinoma: A case report

Abstract

Leptomeningeal involvement is usually reported as a secondary event in advanced gastric carcinoma. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LMC), as the initial manifestation of asymptomatic gastric cancer, is exceedingly rare with only a few cases reported in recent years. The presenting neurologic symptoms include headache, vomiting and seizures and are usually clinically atypical. The diagnosis of LMC is made via identification of malignant cells that originate from epithelial cells in the cerebrospinal fluid by cytological examination and provides cues to track the primary tumor. Endoscopic examinations are crucial to confirm the presence of gastric cancer, and imaging studies, especially gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, are sometimes helpful in diagnosis. Thus far, there is no standard therapy for LMC, and despite all measures, the prognosis of the condition is extremely poor. Here, we report on the clinical features and diagnostic procedures for a patient with occult gastric cancer with Bormann type I macroscopic appearance and poor differentiation in pathology, who presented with LMC-induced neurological symptoms as the initial clinical manifestation. Additionally, we review the similar cases reported over the past years, making comparison among cases in order to provide more information for the future diagnosis.

Key Words: Meningeal carcinomatosis, Stomach neoplasms, Endoscopes, Gastrointestinal, Spinal puncture, Cytological techniques, Pathology, Clinical

Core tip: Here we report on a patient, initially and alone, presented with neurological symptoms and signs without any clues indicating gastric cancer. Evidence shows that the tumor directly spread solely to the brain without involvement of any other organs or tissues. How do we make an accurate and rapid diagnosis? Cerebral spinal fluid cytological studies play a key role in diagnosis, finding malignant cells that originate from epithelial cells. A gastroscopic examination was performed, revealing a tumor in the gastric antrum which was classified as Bormann type I in macroscopic appearance, a rare type in Bormann classification, however, with poor differentiation in pathology. This patient survived for 4 mo without treatment. It is unclear whether this particular form of metastasis affects clinical outcomes.

INTRODUCTION

Gastric cancer-induced leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LMC) is less common; its incidence is only 0.14%-0.24% among all gastric cancers[1-3]. In very rare cases, LMC presents as the initial manifestation of an asymptomatic gastric adenocarcinoma where metastasis to the peritoneum and liver generally occur first. Herein, we report a case of LMC as the initial manifestation of a Bormann type I gastric adenocarcinoma with poor differentiation in pathology. The clinical features of this case and appropriate diagnostic procedures are discussed.

CASE REPORT

A 40-year-old woman, who had been diagnosed with adenomyosis and had undergone hysterectomy thereafter in December 2008, presented with complaints of a 2-mo headache and cervical pain. She was suspected to have an upper respiratory tract infection or to have caught a cold on July 21, 2010. At this time, she took a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and her symptoms were not alleviated. Her headache became increasingly severe 12 d after the onset of disease. On August 3, 2010, she visited a doctor due to a serious sustained sharp headache combined with projectile vomiting. A cranial computed tomography (CT) scan was performed, which indicated cerebral edema with mild ventricular dilatation; these findings were followed by administration of 20% mannitol to reduce intracranial pressure. Two days later, on August 5, 2010, she suffered a sudden loss of consciousness with limb twitching and an antiepileptic drug was administered. Afterwards, she was referred to another hospital due to the progression of the disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed increased hydrocephalus and slight parenchymal swelling. Because meningeal irritation was noted, a lumbar puncture was performed and revealed that her cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) had an opening pressure of over 300 mmH₂O, glucose concentration of 4.13 mmol/L compared to a serum level of 5.5 mmol/L, protein content of 480 mg/L, chloride concentration of 110 mmol/L, and increased leukocyte levels (red blood cell count, 0 cells; white blood cell count, 8-10 × 10⁶ cells/L; lymphocyte percentage, 74%). A repeat lumbar puncture revealed decreased glucose concentrations (CSF level of 2.79 mmol/L compared with serum level of 6.1 mmol/L), increased protein (790 mg/L), high intracranial pressure (over 300 mm H₂O), increased white blood cell count (25 × 10⁶ cells/L) with a lymphocyte percentage of 75% and 0 counts of red blood cells, and a normal concentration of chloride (101.20 mmol/L, normal range 120-130 mmol/L).

Cerebrospinal fluid culture was negative for acid-fast bacillus, Cryptococcus neoformans and bacterium. During her hospital stay, the onset of 3 epileptic seizures occurred, which were noticed by her husband or nurse. Although screening for tuberculosis infection was negative, she was suspected of having tuberculous meningitis and was started on tuberculostatic drugs, including rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide, as well as dehydration and diuretic drugs since August 7, 2010. Nevertheless, no improvement was observed after 7 d of treatment. Afterwards, on August 14, 2010, she was referred to the Brain Center of the Guangdong Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

On physical examination, the patient’s body temperature was 36.3  °C; her pulse was 60 beats/min, her respiratory rate 18 breaths/min and blood pressure 120/70 mmHg. Fundoscopic examination revealed bilateral papilledema (1PD each) and retinal edema was observed in the posterior pole.

The patient’s neurological examination was notable for positive Kernig sign and Brudzinski’s sign. The initial blood chemistry tests and metabolic screening (e.g., electrolytes, kidney and liver function tests, blood glucose) were normal as were her routine stool and urination exams. The serum level of hepatitis B surface antigen was 287.1S/CO, and those of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA125, CA199, CA153 and alpha-fetoprotein in the serum were within normal limits. A repeat MRI scan was performed 1 week after admission, which indicated progressive linear and nodosity enhancement along the ventral surface of the brainstem, cerebellum and C1-T4 spinal cord (Figure 1). Expansion of the lateral ventricles, third ventricle and fourth ventricle was noted and communicating hydrocephalus was considered.

Figure 1 Sagittal magnetic resonance imaging with a T1-weighted gadolinium-enhanced sequence. Arrows show linear and punctiform contrast enhancement along the spine.

On August 12, 14, 17 and 18, 2010, additional lumber punctures were performed for a total of 4 taps during this period. The results of the CSF examination revealed an increase in CSF opening pressure (> 330 mmH₂O for each tap), protein content (1470, 1140, 280 and 800 mg/L), WBC count (48, 7, 8, 7 × 10⁶ cells/L) and CEA content (not determined on 12 August, 284.3, 351.9 and 347.0 ng/mL; serum level within normal limits), and a slight decrease in chloride concentration (108.4, 107.8, 109.5 and 108.9 mmol/L). Glucose levels were within or slightly lower than the lower limit of the normal range (3.06, 3.23, 2.14 and 3.13 mmol/L). CSF cytological analysis revealed malignant neoplastic cells (in particular, signet-ring cells, Figure 2) in the CSF specimen on the 14^th and 17^th of August, 2010. The diagnosis of LMC was made and the search for the primary tumor began. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the CSF cells were positive for creatine kinase (CK) (Figure 2), which supports that the malignant neoplastic cells originated from the epithelium; this may be suggestive of the original tumor occurring in the esophagus and gastrointestinal tract, lungs or uterus. No expression of human epidermal receptor protein-2 (c-erbB-2; HER2) was detected via immunohistochemistry on de-stained CSF cytology slides.

Figure 2 Detection of malignant cells and expression of creatine kinase in the patient’s cerebral spinal fluid specimen. A: Signet-ring cells (hematoxylin and eosin staining, × 20); B: Malignant epithelial cells (hematoxylin and eosin staining, × 40); C: Positive expression of creatine kinase in carcinoma cells (immunohistochemistry staining, × 40).

On August 18, 2010, the patient’s chest X-ray image was normal, and a whole-body position emission tomography (PET)/CT scan was conducted for further search for the original tumor. The PET/CT demonstrated that the stomach, which was not satisfactorily filled, had increased 18F-FDG uptake diffusely, with a maximum standardized uptake value (SUV_max) of 4.3 (mean 3.7) (Figure 3). This was subsequently explained by physiologic uptake. In addition to enlargement of the third and bilateral lateral ventricles and hydrocephalus, no abnormality was detected via PET/CT. Meanwhile, a gastroscopic examination was performed, revealing mass effect in the gastric antrum (Bormann class I) (Figure 4). Because the endoscopic ultrasound and enhanced CT did not reveal infiltration of the tumor, and there were no positive findings of metastasis to the lymph nodes on PET/CT, the patient was roughly considered T_xN₀M₁ in clinical stage.

Figure 3 Position emission tomography/computed tomography finding. An increased 18F-FDG uptake in a diffuse manner, with a maximum standardized uptake value of 4.3 (mean 3.7) in the stomach. A: A cross-section image of position emission tomography (PET) scan; B: A cross-section image of computed tomography (CT) scan; C: PET/CT fusion image.

Figure 4 Gastroscopic view and histopathological findings of the tumor. A: 1/2 circle convex tumor (arrow) in the gastric antrum found by gastroscopy (Bormann class I); B: Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, diffused type, in biopsy of the gastric antrum sampled during gastroscopy (hematoxylin and eosin; × 40); C: Positive expression of creatine kinase; D: Carcinoembryonic antigen in biopsy specimen of gastric adenocarcinoma (immunohistochemical staining × 40).

A subsequent histopathological examination of biopsies sampled during gastroscopy revealed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (Figure 4) with positive expression for CK and CEA (Figure 4), and partial positivity for CD68. An immunohistochemistry test was negative for HER2.

The patient was started on anti-tuberculostatic drugs, including isoniazid at a dose of 0.6 g per day, pyrazinamide at 1.5 g per day, and streptomycin at 0.5 g once, 2 times per day. The therapy was administered from August 7, 2010 until the day on which malignant neoplasm cells were found in the CSF. In deference to the patient’s will, no further anti-tumor treatment was administered. During the hospital stay, the patient’s condition worsened, and a neurological examination revealed nuchal rigidity and bilateral palsies of cranial nerves III, V, VI, VII, and XII. The patient was transferred to the hospital in her hometown, and after an unfortunate course of the disease, died on October 16, 2010, 4 mo after the initial presentation of her symptoms.

DISCUSSION

LMC is defined as diffuse spreading of malignant cells throughout the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater by propagation in the CSF. The majority of patients diagnosed with LMC have a prior cancer diagnosis. Meningeal involvement as a presenting symptom of malignancy is rare[4]. LMC is reportedly diagnosed clinically in 2%-4% of all cancer patients[5]; the prevalence of LMC in gastric cancer patients is as low as 0.14-0.24%[1-3], while the rate is 12%-14% in breast cancer, 10%-26% in lung cancer, and 17%-25% in melanoma[3].

To the best of our knowledge, the distinction and rarity of the present case are as follows: (1) this patient, initially and alone, presented with neurological symptoms and signs without any clues indicating gastric cancer, such as stomach ache, acid regurgitation, dyspepsia, anemia or occult fecal bleeding. This reminded us that the primary tumor may be occult without obvious symptoms or signs; this requires physicians to be prepared to consider alternative diagnostic decisions; (2) the gastroscopic examination identified the primary tumor as Bormann type I, oddly, with poor differentiation in pathology. Traditionally, Bormann type I gastric cancer has almost always been accompanied by high histopathological differentiation, while Bormann type III or IV gastric cancer is poorly differentiated in pathology[6,7]. Moreover, the macroscopic appearance of Bormann type I gastric cancer is less common than the other Bormann types; according to one large series of gastric cancer patients, the percentage of each Bormann classification was type I in 7% of patients, type II in 36% of patients, type III in 25% of patients and type IV in 26% of patients[8]; and (3) the biological behavior of this patient’s occult gastric adenocarcinoma is interesting. The tumor directly spread solely to the brain without involvement of any other organs or tissues such as the lungs, liver, bones or lymph nodes. It is unclear whether this particular form of metastasis affected the patient’s clinical outcome; she survived for 4 mo without any anti-tumor therapy. The striking clinical picture that this LMC patient presented raises interesting questions regarding the biology and metastatic behavior of certain subclasses of gastric cancer.

Previously, only 7 similar cases have been documented in 6 reports[9-14], the detailed information of whom, as well as our present case, is summarized in Table 1. By reviewing the literature on these 7 cases and the disease progression of our case, we identified multiple relevant diagnostic issues that may be of clinical use to make prompt and accurate diagnoses when similar cases are encountered.

Table 1 Reported cases of gastric cancer that initially presented with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis alone.

Ref.	Case (age/sex)	Gastroscopic classification	Histopathological stage	Involvement of other organs/tissues	Treatment	Survival from onset of initial symptoms
Present case	40/F	Bormann I	AdenocarcinomaPoor differentiationSignet cell type	No	No	4 mo
Deeb et al[12], 1997	53/M	Not classified2		No	Intraventricular MTX	> 6 mo
Braeuninger et al[9], 2005	68/M	Not classified2		Lymph nodes	Intrathecal chemotherapy	2 mo
Lee et al[10], 2007	49/F	Bormann IV		Lymphadenopathy	No	ND
Yamada et al[13], 2008	53/M	Bormann II		ND	Radiotherapy	4.23 mo (127 d)
Gdovinova et al[11], 2009; Case 1	40/F	ND		Lymphatic node, ovary, peritoneum, leptomeninges	No	2 mo
Gdovinova et al[11], 2009; Case 2	49/F	Not classified2		ND	Yes1	2 mo
Ohno et al[14], 2010	62/M	Not classified2		ND	Radiotherapy	3 mo (12 wk)

¹No further information was provided;

²Detailed description; Deeb et al[12] (1997): multiple round, thickened, raised lesions, encroaching on the lumen with loss of vascular pattern in the distal esophagus just proximal to the gastroesophageal junction. The stomach was non-distensible and involved by diffuse marked nodularity with overlying normal mucosa and prominence of the areae gastricae, mostly in the proximal body with few ulcerations in the distal body; Braeuninger et al[9] (2005): the primary tumor site was disclosed by oesophagogastroduodenoscopy, where an ulcer of 15 mm in diameter was observed in the distal stomach; Gdovinova et al[11] (2009): gastroscopy revealed a callous mediogastric ulcus as well as peptic ulcerations in the duodenal bulb; Ohno et al[14] (2010): a large type 3 gastric cancer at the greater curvature side of the middle body. M: Male; F: Female; ND: Not determined; MTX: Methotrexate.

The clinical symptoms and signs of LMC are usually organized into 3 categories: cerebral, cranial nerve and spinal. Out of the 8 cases considered, 7, including our case, initially presented with headache, nausea and vomiting (cerebral symptoms and signs), 1 with back pain and weakness of the lower extremities (spinal symptoms and signs), 3 with diplopia, 1 with visual loss and 1 with hearing loss (cranial nerve symptoms and signs). Multifocal involvement of the meninges in LMC accounts for a great amount of variability in clinical presentations, thus making early diagnosis extremely challenging. Therefore, complicated and non-specified clinical features are those of which clinicians remain acutely aware to further track primary diseases.

As to the diagnosis of LMC, the presence of neoplastic cells in the CSF is diagnostic. A diagnosis of LMC may be supported by neuroimaging evidence, especially the results of gadolinium-enhanced MRI. Because cytological examination of the CSF is the sine qua non of diagnosis, CSF sampling procedures and analysis warrant close attention. Repeated CSF cytological examination is sometimes necessary. The presence of malignant cells was confirmed after the 2nd CSF examination in 2 cases reported in the literature[11,12], while our case required 4 taps to confirm malignant cells. As previously reported, CSF cytological results are positive in 50% of all cases of meningeal metastasis from non-central nervous system neoplasms after a single lumbar tap and in 85% to 90% of cases after multiple taps[15]. Three simple measures can increase the likelihood of finding malignant cells in a CSF sample: (1) obtaining at least 10.5 mL of CSF for analysis[16]; (2) immediately processing the sample (within 1 h after collection[17]); and (3) obtaining CSF from a site adjacent to the affected central nervous system region[16].

Apart from cytological examination of the CSF, other CSF changes were observed in the 8 LMC cases described, such as increased opening pressure, increased protein content and white blood cell count and a glucose concentration within normal limits or slightly decreased (except that in 1 case with hypoglycorrhachia, glucose concentration was 0.6 mmol/L[11]; and our case with a glucose concentration of 2.79 mmol/L on the 1^st CSF examination), which are supported throughout the literature[16]. Other notable CSF changes were described in these LMC cases, including increased lactate or CEA concentrations. Concerning the CSF markers of interest, their concentrations in CSF should be tested simultaneously with those in the serum to eliminate the possibility of passive diffusion[17]. As shown in our case, CSF CEA was within the range between 284.3 and 347.0 ng/mL, while that in the serum was within normal limits. Thus, when the CSF marker level is inappropriately high and the blood brain barrier is intact, these markers may be produced in the subarachnoid space by the tumor metastases.

With respect to clinical imaging techniques, as demonstrated in nearly all 8 LMC patients considered, brain CT and MRI without contrast yielded false negative results. However, 3 of the 8 patients obtained positive findings on gadolinium-enhanced MRI, such as nerve thickening and linear and punctiform enhancement of the leptomeninges. Leptomeningeal enhancement is suggestive of LMC, but not diagnostic. Therefore, one must consider other conditions that may produce similar imaging features, such as intracranial hypotension after craniotomy or lumber puncture, as well as infectious or inflammatory diseases. Although MRI is superior to CT with 1.5-2 times higher specificity and sensitivity[18,19], the rate of false negative MRI findings is approximately 30%; this could be further diminished by the use of greater amounts of gadolinium[20,21]. Additionally, it is important to perform MRI before CSF examination because spinal tap alone may induce long-lasting (weeks to months) diffuse meningeal enhancement[18]. When the primary cancer is unknown and CSF cytology is negative, MRI alone is not sufficient to establish an LMC diagnosis; histological confirmation is required before such a diagnosis can be made.

In the present case, whole-body PET/CT was performed to track the primary disease, which revealed increased glucose uptake in the stomach, with a SUV_max of 4.3. However, this abnormality was initially explained by physiological uptake, and close follow-up was suggested by the patient’s radiologist. As indicated by Dassen AE[22], FDG-PET appears to have little or no value in the primary detection of gastric cancer. They suggested that there is a clear difference in the sensitivity of FDG-PET between different histological carcinoma subtypes, particularly in the non-intestinal (i.e., diffuse) subtype. Carcinomas containing signet ring cells exhibit consistently low detectability by FDG-PET. Prior evidence indicates[23-28] that SUV counts between 7.7-13.2 were found in tubular gastric carcinoma and moderately differentiated carcinoma, which are significantly higher than those for mucinous adenocarcinoma and signet ring cell carcinoma (4.1-7.7).

Regarding the histopathological examination of primary gastric cancer, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma was finally confirmed in all of the 8 LMC cases considered. This is consistent with previous reports indicating that poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with signet ring cell features is the most frequently occurring type of LMC associated with GC in Japan[29]; this is likely to be true in Korea[7].

By consensus, the prognosis of LMC is poor. The median survival in untreated patients is 4-6 wk, which may increase to 4-6 mo with aggressive treatment in some cases[30,31] Out of the 8 LMC cases described, 3[9-11] had metastasis to distant organs other than the meninges was found, such as in the lymph nodes, ovaries, and peritoneum. Five of these patients received anti-tumor therapy and their survival ranged from 2-6 mo[9,11-14]. This indicates that treatment was not associated with a clinically significant different prognosis than non-treatment (2 mo in 1 case in literature[11], and 4 mo in our case). Various relevant and concerning questions arise including those surrounding the clinical biological behavior of rare and odd adenocarcinomas, as in the present case with gastroscopic Bormann type I and poor differentiation, and whether this factor partially influences metastasis and patient survival.

In summary, to the best of our knowledge, this case of LMC originating from an occult gastric adenocarcinoma is the first ever reported with Bormann type I macroscopic appearance, but with poor differentiation in pathology. Its direct invasion to the meninges resulting in LMC as the initial presentation is very interesting, especially considering that there was no evidence of metastasis to other organs or tissues. It is unclear whether this particular form of metastasis affects clinical outcomes; our patient survived for 4 mo without treatment. Early diagnosis requires highly aware and vigilant physicians. CSF cytological studies play a key role in diagnosis and neuroimaging examinations are helpful; however, they present certain limitations.

COMMENTS

Case characteristics

The patient presented with a sustained headache, cervical pain, projectile vomiting, and a sudden loss of consciousness with limb twitching and epileptic seizures.

Clinical diagnosis

The main clinical findings include positive Kernig’s sign and Brudzinski’s sign in neurological examination.

Differential diagnosis

In this case, the differential diagnosis is tuberculous meningitis.

Laboratory diagnosis

The cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) examination revealed an increase in CSF opening pressure, protein content, WBC count and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) content, and CSF cytological analysis revealed malignant neoplastic cells.

Imaging diagnosis

Magnetic resonance imaging indicated progressive linear and nodosity enhancement along the ventral surface of the brainstem, cerebellum and C1-T4 spinal cord and position emission tomography/computed tomography demonstrated that the stomach had increased 18F-FDG uptake diffusely, with a maximum standardized uptake value of 4.3 (mean 3.7).

Pathological diagnosis

A histopathological examination of biopsies sampled during gastroscopy revealed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with positive expression for creatine kinase (CK), CEA and partial positivity for CD68, while the CSF cells was positive for CK.

Term explanation

Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, also known as neoplastic meningitis, occurs when malignant cells enter the leptomeningeal space via hematogenous dissemination or direct extension. The malignant cells are spread throughout the neuraxis by the flow of the CSF, leading to disease throughout the central nervous system. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis leads to substantial morbidity and mortality, and there are few, if any, effective treatments.

Experiences and lessons

The gastric cancer can metastasize to meninges alone without involvement of any other organs or tissues, and thus the patients may present with neurological abnormalities alone without any clue to the stomach. Early diagnosis requires highly aware and vigilant physicians. For diagnosis, CSF cytological studies play a key role and neuroimaging examinations are helpful; however, they present certain limitations.

Peer review

The strength of this report is that this case of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LMC) originating from an occult gastric adenocarcinoma is the first ever reported with Bormann type I in macroscopic appearance, but with poor differentiation in pathology. Its direct invasion to the meninges resulting in LMC as the initial presentation is very interesting, especially considering that there was no evidence of metastasis to other organs or tissues. It is unclear whether this particular form of metastasis affects clinical outcomes.