Evaluation of “top-down” treatment of early Crohn’s disease by double balloon enteroscopy

Abstract

AIM: To assess “top-down” treatment for deep remission of early moderate to severe Crohn’s disease (CD) by double balloon enteroscopy.

METHODS: Patients with early active moderate to severe ileocolonic CD received either infusion of infliximab 5 mg/kg at weeks 0, 2, 6, 14, 22 and 30 with azathioprine from week 6 onwards (Group I), or prednisone from week 0 as induction therapy with azathioprine from week 6 onwards (Group II). Endoscopic evaluation was performed at weeks 0, 30, 54 and 102 by double balloon enteroscopy. The primary endpoints were deep remission rates at weeks 30, 54 and 102. Secondary endpoints included the time to achieve clinical remission, clinical remission rates at weeks 2, 6, 14, 22, 30, 54 and 102, and improvement of Crohn’s Disease Endoscopic Index of Severity scores at weeks 30 and 54 relative to baseline. Intention-to-treat analyses of the endpoints were performed.

RESULTS: Seventy-seven patients were enrolled, with 38 in Group I and 39 in Group II. By week 30, deep remission rates were 44.7% and 17.9% in Groups I and II, respectively (P = 0.011). The median time to clinical remission was longer for patients in Group II (14.2 wk) than for patients in Group I (6.8 wk, P = 0.009). More patients in Group I were in clinical remission than in Group II at weeks 2, 6, 22 and 30 (2 wk: 26.3% vs 2.6%; 6 wk: 65.8% vs 28.2%; 22 wk: 71.1% vs 46.2%; 30 wk: 68.4% vs 43.6%, P < 0.05). The rates of clinical remission and deep remission were greater at weeks 54 and 102 in Group I, but the differences were insignificant.

CONCLUSION: Top-down treatment with infliximab and azathioprine, as compared with corticosteroid and azathioprine, results in higher rates of earlier deep remission in early CD.

Key Words: Crohn’s disease, Top-down treatment, Deep remission, Double balloon enteroscopy, Mucosal healing

Core tip: We assessed the outcome of “top-down” treatment in terms of deep remission in treatment-naïve patients with early Crohn’s disease (CD) with small bowel involvement. This study is believed to be the first designed with deep remission as the primary endpoint. Furthermore, mucosal healing was assessed by double balloon enteroscopy for the first time in patients with CD treated with biologic agents. We excluded patients with luminal fibrostenotic or abdominal fistulizing CD in screening, resulting in encouraging deep remission rates at week 30. These results may have implications in the treatment of CD.

INTRODUCTION

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises a heterogeneous group of conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract; Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are the two main recognized entities. CD is a transmural inflammatory disorder that may involve various sites of the gastrointestinal tract, including the terminal ileum in 40%-70% of cases. Data from population-based cohort studies show that the majority of patients experience a progressive course that transits from pure inflammatory lesions to destructive complications such as stricture, fistula and abscess[1-3]. There are many reports indicating a change in behavior over time from a non-stricturing, non-penetrating type (disease complications absent) to stricturing and/or penetrating disease (disease complications present)[1,2,4-6]. These complications and the surgical resection for them can result in irreversible bowel damage that in turn leads to loss of gastrointestinal tract function and disability.

Changing the natural history and avoiding evolution to a disabling disease should be the main goal of treatment. Historically, induction and maintenance of clinical remission seemed insufficient to change the natural history of IBD. Mucosal healing (MH) as a therapeutic endpoint has recently become more widely incorporated into clinical trials, in addition to more traditional subjective clinical activity indices, because it has been shown to reduce the likelihood of clinical relapse, reduce the risk of future surgery, and reduce hospitalization. The concept of deep remission is a recently introduced endpoint, which includes clinical remission and MH. Several studies have indicated that corticosteroids cannot induce complete MH[7,8], while azathioprine is able to achieve MH in patients with CD, but with a delayed onset of action[9,10]. The introduction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α antibody therapy has changed the approach to the management of CD patients, mainly as a result of the rapid effects of biologic therapy[11,12]. Numerous studies have demonstrated MH in patients with CD who were treated with infliximab[12-15].

Conventionally, treatment escalation with the use of increasingly potent immunosuppressants has been performed in a stepwise fashion, such that the most potent therapies including TNF antibodies and surgery are reserved for patients who have failed to respond to (or tolerate) milder treatments. Indeed, this approach, which is termed “step-up” treatment, has recently been challenged, and an aggressive “top-down” strategy has been advocated instead, and supported by evidence that early use of anti-TNF therapies induces higher remission rates in CD[12-15]. In addition, immunomodulators and biologic agents might be able to change the natural history of the disease mainly when introduced early in the course of the disease[16,17]. Treatment strategy for IBD should be tailored according to the risk that some patients (e.g., age < 40 years at diagnosis, and disease location in the ileum) could develop disabling disease[18-20]. Indeed, these patients are exactly those thought most likely to benefit from top-down therapy[21].

In this study, we aimed to assess by double balloon enteroscopy (DBE) the outcome of top-down treatment with infliximab and azathioprine in terms of induction and maintenance of remission efficacy, as well as MH in patients with early active moderate to severe CD naïve to treatment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients

This was an open-label, prospective controlled study. Eligible patients were at least 18 years old and had newly diagnosed moderate to severe active CD naïve to treatment, with a Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CDAI) score between 220 and 450 and with ileal and colonic mucosal ulcerations that were observed by DBE. Patients were excluded from the study if they had fibrostenotic or fistulizing CD or penetrating disease (intraabdominal masses, abscesses and/or fistula) revealed by computed tomography enterography (CTE). Additional exclusion criteria were diabetes; history of tuberculosis; hepatitis B virus, HIV or hepatitis C virus infection; regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; current or intended pregnancy; lactation; peptic ulcer disease; and chronic renal, hepatic or heart failure. The protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Ruijin Hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.

DBE

DBE (EN-450 P5/20, Fujifilm, China) was performed up to the site 1.5-2 m proximal to the ileocecal valve via the retrograde route at baseline (week 0), at weeks 30 and 54, and at the end of the study (week 102) by one of the authors (JZ) who was unaware of the patient’s clinical status and treatment category to assess MH of CD. All lesions were graded using CDEIS as described by Mary and Modigliani for French GETAID[22].

Study design

Before the study, all patients underwent thorough clinical assessment, routine hematological and biochemical tests, and assessment of disease severity according to CDAI, tuberculin skin test with purified protein derivative, chest X-ray, CTE, and DBE. Patients received early induction therapy with infliximab (Remicade; Xi’an-Janssen, China) at a dose of 5 mg/kg, which was administered intravenously in 250 mL saline solution over 2 h at weeks 0, 2, 6, 14, 22 and 30 (Group I), or prednisone at a dose of 1 mg/kg per day for 7-14 d followed by a tapering schedule of 6-12 wk (Group II). All patients received azathioprine (Imuran; GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, Middlesex, United Kingdom) at doses of 1.0-2.5 mg/kg per day from week 6 onwards (starting with an initial dose of 50 mg followed by a schedule of increasing dose of 25 mg biweekly until the maximum tolerated dose). Patients continuing to experience flares/lack of response/intolerance to medication discontinued the treatment at the investigator’s discretion. Patients were assessed at weeks 0, 2, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14, and every 8 wk onwards. At each visit or on the occasion of relapse, clinical assessment, laboratory tests, check for adverse events and compliance, and CDAI calculations were performed.

Efficacy assessment

The primary endpoints of this study were deep remission rates as defined by CDAI score < 150 plus complete MH at weeks 30 and 54, and at the end of the trial in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population. Secondary endpoints included the time to achieve clinical remission; clinical remission rates at weeks 2, 6, 14, 22, 30 54 and 102; and improvement of CDEIS scores at weeks 30 and 54 relative to baseline. Complete MH was defined as complete absence of mucosal ulcerations that were observed at baseline. Clinical remission was defined by CDAI score ≤ 150. Deep remission was defined as CDAI score < 150 plus complete MH. Endoscopic response was defined as a decrease in CDEIS score of > 5. Endoscopic remission was defined as CDEIS score < 6. Complete endoscopic remission was defined as CDEIS score < 3[23]. Patients who received a drug not allowed by the protocol, who had surgery for CD, or who discontinued follow-up due to lack of efficacy or loss of response, were judged to have failed treatment, irrespective of CDAI score.

Safety assessment

Safety was assessed in terms of the incidence of adverse events, changes in vital signs, and routine laboratory measures monitored during each infusion and at each study visit. Infusion reactions were defined as any adverse experience that occurred during or within 1 h after infusion. Serum sickness-like reactions were defined as a cluster of features (myalgia and/or arthralgia with fever and/or rash) occurring 1-14 d after reinfusion of infliximab.

Statistical analysis

All patients who were enrolled were included in the ITT population. Patients who withdrew from the study, or did not have a value at an originally scheduled visit, and those with missing CDAI or CDEIS scores had their last value carried forward for these analyses. ITT analyses of the endpoints were performed. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 16.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, United States). Qualitative variables are described as n and percentage and comparison of ratios was tested by χ² test. Quantitative variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range depending on data distribution. Comparison of continuous variables was performed using Student’s t-test depending on data distribution. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The time-to-event distribution of the treatment arms was performed using a life-table analysis.

RESULTS

Baseline characteristics

From February 2009 to February 2012, 77 eligible patients with newly diagnosed moderate to severe active ileocolonic CD naïve to treatment were enrolled in this open-label, prospective controlled study. For results up to 102 wk, the last completed visit was on January 2, 2014. Thirty-eight patients were allocated to Group I and 39 patients to Group II. The baseline demographic clinical characteristics of these patients were similar in the treatment groups (Table 1).

Table 1 Baseline characteristics.

	Group I	Group II	All patients	P value
	(n = 38)	(n = 39)	(n = 77)
Age at onset (yr), median (IQR)	24 (19-28)	27 (19-32)	25 (19-31)	0.259
Male sex, n (%)	22 (57.9)	25 (64.1)	47 (61.0)	0.577
Median disease duration (wk, IQR)	10 (4-20)	10 (4.5-18)	10 (4-20)	0.854
CDAI, median (IQR)	280 (247-347)	274 (258-340)	279 (251-346)	0.699
CDEIS, mean (SD)	13.7 ± 4.4	13.2 ± 4.0	13.5 ± 4.1	0.708

CDAI: Crohn’s Disease Activity Index; CDEIS: Crohn’s Disease Endoscopic Index of Severity.

Efficacy results

Efficacy analyses were performed according to the ITT principle. By week 30, the higher proportion of patients in Group I (44.7%; 17/38) than in Group II (17.9%; 7/39) who were in deep remission approached statistical significance (P = 0.011) (Table 2). The response to initial infusion of infliximab was more rapid than to induction therapy with corticosteroids, with 26.3% of patients in remission in Group I and 2.6% in Group II at week 2. Significantly, more patients in Group I were in clinical remission than in Group II at weeks 6, 22 and 30 (P < 0.05) (Figure 1). The median time to clinical remission was longer in Group II (14.2 wk) than in Group I (6.8 wk, P = 0.009) (Figure 2). The rates of clinical remission and deep remission were higher at weeks 54 and 102 in Group I, but these differences were not significant.

Figure 1 Proportion of patients in clinical remission. Clinical remission rates at weeks 2, 6, 14, 22, 30, 54 and 102 are shown. Clinical remission was defined by CDAI score ≤ 150. Significantly, more patients in Group I was in clinical remission than in Group II at weeks 2, 6, 22 and 30 (^aP < 0.05, Group I vs Group II).

Table 2 Efficacy results n (%).

	Group I	Group II	P value
	(n = 38)	(n = 39)
Patients with clinical remission
Week 2	10 (26.3)	1 (2.6)	0.003
Week 6	25 (65.8)	11 (28.2)	0.001
Week 14	27 (71.1)	21 (53.84)	0.119
Week 22	27 (71.1)	18 (46.2)	0.027
Week 30	26 (68.4)	17 (43.6)	0.028
Week 54	27 (71.1)	22 (56.4)	0.182
Week 102	31 (81.5)	27 (69.2)	0.209
Median clinical remission time (wk)	6.8	14.2	0.009
Patients with MH at week 30	17 (44.7)	7 (17.9)	0.011
Patients with deep remission at week 30	17 (44.7)	7 (17.9)	0.011
Endoscopic response at week 30 (decrease in CDEIS score > 5)	30 (78.9)	19 (48.7)	0.006
Endoscopic remission at week 30 (CDEIS score < 6)	23 (60.5)	12 (30.8)	0.009
Complete endoscopic remission at week 30 (CDEIS score < 3)	14 (36.8)	8 (20.5)	0.113
Patients with MH at week 54	20 (52.6)	14 (35.9)	0.139
Patients with deep remission at week 54	20 (52.6)	14 (35.9)	0.139
Endoscopic response at week 54 (decrease in CDEIS score > 5)	32 (84.2)	30 (77.0)	0.420
Endoscopic remission at week 54 (CDEIS score < 6)	31 (81.6)	29 (74.4)	0.445
Complete endoscopic remission at week 54 (CDEIS score < 3)	18 (47.4)	18 (46.2)	0.915
Patients with MH at week 102	22 (57.9)	15 (38.5)	0.088
Patients with deep remission at week 102	22 (57.9)	15 (38.5)	0.088
Maximum tolerated dose of azathioprine (mg/kg) , mean (SD)	1.73 ± 0.18	1.71 ± 0.19	0.748

MH: Mucosal healing; CDEIS: Crohn’s Disease Endoscopic Index of Severity.

Figure 2 Proportion of patients with clinical remission. Life table time-to-remission curve of the two groups is shown. The median time to clinical remission was longer for patients in Group II (14.2 wk) than for patients in Group I (6.8 wk, P = 0.009).

At week 30, endoscopic response, based on CDEIS, occurred in 30/38 patients (78.9%) in Group I, compared with 19/39 patients (48.7%) in Group II (P = 0.006). At week 30, a significantly higher proportion of patients in Group I demonstrated endoscopic remission compared with patients in Group II (60.5% vs 30.8%; P = 0.009). Complete endoscopic remission rate was 36.8% for patients in Group I and 20.5% in Group II at week 30 (P = 0.113). The rates of endoscopic response, endoscopic remission and complete endoscopic remission were greater at week 54 in Group I, but these differences were not significant. The maximum tolerated dose of azathioprine was 1.73 mg/kg for patients in Group I and 1.71 mg/kg in Group II (P = 0.748).

Safety data

Thirty-four (89.5%) patients in Group I developed drug-related side effects compared with 33 (84.6%) in Group II (Table 3). The most common adverse effects were headache, nausea and abdominal pain. Leukopenia was observed in seven patients (18.4%) in Group I and nine (23.1%) in Group II. Infusion reactions generally characterized by headache, dizziness, nausea, injection-site irritation, flushing, chest pain, dyspnea and pruritus occurred in 6/228 (2.6%) infliximab infusions. Infections occurred in 10.5% (4/38) of patients in Group I and 10.3% (4/39) in Group II; all of which resolved with appropriate medical therapy. There were no unusual or severe infections. Treatment with thiopurines resulted in acute pancreatitis (n = 1) in Group I and alopecia (n = 1) in Group II. Increased aspartate aminotransferase was seen in one patient in each group. Amenorrhea occurred in two (5.3%) patients in Group I and one (2.6%) in Group II. No deaths or cancer occurred during the study.

Table 3 Safety data n (%).

	Group I	Group II	All patients	P value
	(n = 38)	(n = 39)	(n = 77)
Patients with any adverse events	34 (89.5)	33 (84.6)	77 (87.0)	0.737
Adverse events leading to discontinuation of study drug	5 (13.2)	4 (10.3)	9 (11.7)	0.663
Infusion reaction	5 (13.2)	-	-	-
Serum-sickness-like reactions	0	-	-	-
Infection	4 (10.5)	4 (10.3)	8 (10.4)	1.000
Headache	6 (15.8)	7 (17.9)	13 (16.9)	1.000
Nausea	6 (15.8)	9 (23.1)	15 (19.5)	0.420
Abdominal pain	7 (18.4)	11 (28.2)	18 (23.4)	0.310
Acute pancreatitis	1 (2.6)	0	1 (1.3)	0.494
Alopecia	0	1 (2.6)	1 (1.3)	1.000
Amenorrhea	2 (5.3)	1 (2.6)	3 (3.9)	0.615
Elevation of transaminase	1 (2.6)	1 (2.6)	2 (2.6)	1.000
Leukopenia	7 (18.4)	9 (23.1)	16 (20.8)	0.615
Tuberculosis	0	0	0	-
Colon cancer	0	0	0	-
Hematologic cancer	0	0	0	-
Death	0	0	0	-

DISCUSSION

Corticosteroids are highly effective in inducing clinical remission in patients with chronic active CD[24,25]. However, their role is primarily ameliorative because they are ineffective in maintaining remission or healing mucosal lesions[7,8]. The thiopurines azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine have been used in the treatment of CD and UC for > 40 years and been the drug of choice in steroid-dependent patients. Despite their slow-acting defect, these agents have demonstrated efficacy in inducing and maintaining remission, and in producing MH[26,27]. Infliximab is a monoclonal IgG1 antibody against TNF-α, and has been proven effective for Crohn’s CD since 1995, with rapid effects[11,12,28]. Trial data demonstrate that infliximab is effective for inducing remission of active CD, healing fistulizing CD, preventing relapse once in remission, and healing mucosal ulcerations[12-14,26,29]. The results of the current study showed earlier clinical remission and MH in infliximab/azathioprine-treated patients compared with corticosteroid/azathioprine-treated patients with moderate to severe ileocolonic CD.

The timing of immunomodulator and biologic therapy has been hotly debated in recent years. Conventionally, treatment guidelines generally recommend initiating treatment with first-line agents, including mesalamine and systemic corticosteroids, followed by immunosuppressants, with anti-TNF therapies reserved for patients in whom conventional therapies have failed[30-32]. This treatment strategy, which is termed step-up, is suboptimal for patients with progressive or treatment-refractory disease, who will continue to experience disease-related morbidity and risk of the development of complications. Indeed, this approach has recently been challenged, and an aggressive top-down strategy was advocated instead, and supported by evidence that early use of anti-TNF therapies induces higher remission rates in CD[15,21,29]. Using data from the EXTEND (Extend the Safety and Efficacy of Adalimumab Through Endoscopic Healing) trial, Sandborn et al[33] found higher rates of MH with adalimumab in patients with shorter disease duration.

An operational definition of early CD is essential to assess whether early intervention algorithms have greater efficacy than conventional step care. Recently, such a definition has been proposed by Peyrin-Biroulet et al[34]. The essential components of the definition are disease duration < 2 years and no previous treatment with immunosuppressive agents or TNF antagonists. In addition, the absence of existing bowel damage is an important modifier for this definition. The high rate of deep remission observed in the current study may be due to initiation of anti-TNF therapies early after the onset of symptoms of CD in patients who were naïve to treatment, and the exclusion of patients with fibrostenotic or abdominal fistulizing CD revealed by CTE.

CD is a progressive condition, characterized by frequent development of CD-related complications, such as internal fistulas and abscesses, perianal fistulas and bowel strictures. One of the key factors determining the natural history of CD is disease duration, because an increasing number of complications have been described over time. Louis et al[1] assessed retrospectively the evolution of the disease after 1-25 years since diagnosis. At diagnosis, 73.7% of patients had an inflammatory phenotype, while at 20 years, only 12% had this phenotype and 32% and 48.8% had stricturing and penetrating behavior, respectively. Lakatos et al[35] observed a change in disease behavior in 30.8% of patients with an initially non-stricturing, non-penetrating disease behavior after a mean disease duration of 9.0 ± 7.2 years.

CTE allows visualization of the entire bowel wall, multiplanar imaging, no obscuration of small bowel loops due to superimposition, and better detection of abscesses, fistulas, strictures and mesenteric abnormalities[36-38], therefore, it has played an increasing role in assessment of patients with CD. Differentiation of fibrotic strictures from inflammatory strictures is important because acute inflammation is treated medically, while fibrotic strictures are treated with invasive procedures (dilatation or excision). Hara et al[39] found that scar tissue may have low homogenous enhancement on CT, which differs from the lower attenuation bowel wall edema in acute inflammatory CD. In population-based studies, 19%-36% of patients newly diagnosed with CD present with bowel damage, that is, disease complications such as strictures, fistulas or abscesses[3,18,40,41]. The median time from the onset of symptoms to diagnosis was 10 wk in the current study. Despite the inclusion criterion of newly diagnosed patients naïve to treatment, the existing irreversible bowel damage may reduce efficacy. The relatively high rate of deep remission in this study can be attributed in part to the exclusion of patients with luminal fibrostenotic or abdominal fistulizing CD revealed by CTE in screening.

However, although trial evidence supports early aggressive therapy, there is concern around prohibitive costs regarding implementation of such a treatment strategy in all IBD patients. Infliximab is the only anti-TNF agent for the treatment of IBD patients that is available in the Chinese market. The standard national health insurance reimbursement does not cover infliximab treatment for IBD patients. In view of the fact that cultural values, economical and legal issues may differ from one country to another, selection criteria for patients who are candidates for top-down treatment are essential in such a developing country. Studies have shown that age < 40 years at diagnosis, disease location in the terminal ileum, and penetrating/stricturing complications are associated with higher risk of surgery[18-20]. Similarly, progression to complicated disease is more rapid in those with small bowel than colonic disease[40]. Patients with a high risk of developing medically irreversible complications are exactly those thought most likely to benefit from top-down therapy[21]. In the current study, we included recently diagnosed CD patients with a median age of 25 years and small bowel involvement naïve to treatment, resulting in encouraging deep remission rates at weeks 30 and 54. Nevertheless, further study is needed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of early top-down treatment, including the impact on hospitalization, surgery, work attendance, and productivity.

Historically, the therapeutic goals of induction and maintenance of clinical remission seemed insufficient to change the natural history of IBD. The concept of deep remission is a recently introduced endpoint, which includes clinical remission and MH. The latter is usually assessed by endoscopy in CD and UC and defined as the absence of ulcers[42]. Evidence has accumulated to show that MH can alter the course of IBD[42-45]. MH has now emerged as an important treatment goal for patients with IBD. The EXTEND trial[33] was the first study designed with MH measured by ileocolonscopy as the primary endpoint in CD. The percentage of patients from the continuous adalimumab group who had MH at week 12 was 27%, compared with 13% for the induction-only/placebo group (P = 0.056). The difference in MH rate at week 52 reached statistical significance, with 24% of patients in the continuous adalimumab group and none of the patients who remained on placebo during the double-blind period achieving healing at week 52 (P = 0.001). In the current study, MH was measured by DBE. The deep remission and MH rates at weeks 30, 54 and 102 were 44.7%, 52.6% and 57.9% in Group I compared with 17.9%, 35.9% and 38.5% in Group II. There has been a strong trend towards earlier deep remission with infliximab as induction therapy. The 30-wk evaluation showed a significantly higher MH rate in Group I than in Group II. There was a higher proportion of patients in deep remission at weeks 54 and 102 in Group I, although there were no significant between-group differences. In our experience, the optimal time point for the first follow-up by DBE was between 30 and 54 wk after treatment in Group I and at least 54 wk after treatment in Group II, which conformed to our previous study[46]. The benefits of early MH were recognized before approval of biologic therapies for IBD[47]. A population-based cohort study confirmed that MH had a significant impact on disease outcome in patients with UC. In patients with UC, 3/178 patients (2%) with MH at 1 year underwent colectomy by 5 years as compared with 13/176 patients (7%) without MH at 1 year (P = 0.002)[47]. Colombel et al[48] indicated that achievement of early MH (i.e., endoscopy subscores of 0 or 1 at week 8) after treatment with infliximab may lead to better long-term clinical outcomes for patients with moderate to severe active UC. The study of long-term outcome with regard to early MH of CD is warranted.

The small bowel is the most commonly involved site of the gastrointestinal tract in CD. In nearly half of patients, CD involves both the large and small bowel, and in another third of patients, only the small bowel is involved, while it is least common (about 20%) to have disease confined to the colon. The development capsule endoscopy in 2001 and DBE in 2004[49] made possible the endoscopic examination of the entire small bowel. The growing experience with DBE in patients with CD reported in the literature is modifying the indications for morphological investigations in this framework and the management of patients. A study of DBE demonstrated that, in a high percentage of patients, ileal involvement in CD may be outside the range of ileocoloscopy[50]. In the current study, MH was assessed by DBE for the first time in patients with CD treated with biologic agents. At baseline, ileal lesions proximal to the terminal ileum were found in 24 and 26 patients in Group I and Group II, respectively. Ileal lesions proximal to the terminal ileum without terminal ileal involvement were found in 10 and 15 patients in Group I and Group II, respectively. At week 102, ileal lesions proximal to the terminal ileum without terminal ileal or colonic lesions were detected in three and two patients in Group I and Group II, respectively (in other words, these five patients may be classified with MH using conventional ileocolonoscopy). Therefore, DBE may identify lesions in the small bowel beyond the reach of conventional ileocolonoscopy and undoubtedly allow for a more comprehensive and objective measurement of MH for CD involving the small bowel, which may have an impact on the cessation of medication and regime change. At present, there is no standardized and validated small intestine mucosal disease scoring index that can be applied to DBE findings. Existing endoscopic scores for CD have only been validated for conventional ileocolonoscopy that include CDEIS and the Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn’s Disease. In our study, all lesions were graded using CDEIS, which may have relative weight deviation between colon and small bowel in terms of scoring. Establishment of a feasible score correlating with clinical disease activity for assessing the activity or severity of small bowel involvement in CD by DBE is necessary.

In our study, 15 patients who developed hemorrhage were successfully treated with infliximab (data not shown). Several case reports[51] demonstrated that infliximab was effective in stopping the bleeding and promoting MH, which may be related to its anti-TNF-α effect. The benefit of infliximab to treat hemorrhagic CD should be evaluated in a further study.

Our study had three limitations. First, this was an open-label study, which introduced bias in terms of evaluating subjective symptom scores. Second, DBE was used to evaluate macroscopic MH at weeks 30, 54 and 102, but not all patients underwent histological evaluation. Using biopsy or miniprobe confocal laser endomicroscopy via double-balloon endoscopy may provide histological evidence of MH as a more objective outcome for disease activity assessment, which may be used to guide safe discontinuation of therapy in patients with IBD. Third, infliximab concentration or antibodies to infliximab were not detected in the current study. It has been shown that the concurrent use of immunosuppressants is associated with higher rates and a longer duration of response to infliximab in CD patients[52]. In several trials, there is a trend for a lower incidence of development of antibodies to infliximab and infusion reaction with concomitant use of corticosteroids or immunomodulators[12,36,53]. Hürlimann et al[54] observed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis that infliximab could reduce the clearance of azathioprine from serum. In the current study, the difference of maximum tolerated dose of azathioprine in the two groups was not statistically significant. However, the risk of opportunistic infection and hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma in patients with long-term use of combined anti-TNF biologic agents and immunomodulators, cost, as well as concern about pregnancy should be considered simultaneously.

The results of this study indicate that maintenance therapy with azathioprine, after induction therapy with infliximab, provides important benefits for the treatment of patients with early CD compared with induction therapy with corticosteroids. The beneficial outcome of the former does not seem to be restricted to deep remission, but also extends to the time interval until remission is achieved.

In conclusion, early treatment with infliximab followed by azathioprine-based top-down strategies, as compared with step-up treatment with a conventional induction regimen with corticosteroids followed by azathioprine, resulted in significantly higher rates of clinical remission and MH at week 30, and corticosteroid-sparing effect among patients with early active moderate to severe ileocolonic CD naïve to treatment.

COMMENTS

Background

Crohn’s disease (CD) is a transmural inflammatory disorder that may involve various sites of the gastrointestinal tract, including the terminal ileum in 40%-70% of the cases. The majority of CD patients experience a progressive course that transits from pure inflammatory lesions to destructive complications such as stricture, fistula and abscess. Induction and maintenance of clinical remission seemed insufficient to change the natural history of CD.

Research frontiers

Mucosal healing (MH) as a therapeutic endpoint has recently become more widely incorporated into clinical trials, in addition to more traditional subjective clinical activity indices, because it has been shown to reduce the likelihood of clinical relapse, reduce the risk of future surgery, and reduce hospitalization. The concept of “deep remission” is a recently introduced endpoint, which includes clinical remission and MH. “Step-up” treatment strategy has recently been challenged, and an aggressive “top-down” strategy has been advocated instead and supported by evidence that early use of anti-TNF therapies induces higher remission rates in CD.

Innovations and breakthroughs

Optimal treatment strategies in patients with CD who are candidates for top-down treatment are still debated. The authors performed a generally well-designed prospective trial of infliximab as induction therapy plus azathioprine (top-down treatment strategy) vs prednisone as induction therapy plus azathioprine in treatment-naïve patients with CD. This is the first study designed with deep remission as the primary endpoint. Furthermore, MH is assessed with double balloon enteroscopy (DBE) for the first time in patients with CD treated with biologic agents.

Applications

DBE may identify lesions in the small bowel beyond the reach of conventional ileocolonoscopy and undoubtedly allow for a more comprehensive and objective measurement of MH in CD involving the small bowel, which may have an impact on the cessation of medication and regime change.

Terminology

The concept of deep remission includes clinical remission and MH. The essential components of the definition of early CD are disease duration < 2 years and no previous treatment with immunosuppressive agents or tumor necrosis factor antagonists. In addition, the absence of existing bowel damage is an important modifier for this definition.

Peer review

In general, the study design was rigorous and thoughtfully explained. The unique component of this study was the utilization of DBE for assessment of MH. The demographics of the study were also unique, because East Asian individuals with IBD are an understudied population.