Clinical experience of Pseudo-Meigs’ Syndrome due to colon cancer

Abstract

We report a rare case of Pseudo-Meigs’ Syndrome caused by ovarian metastasis from sigmoid colon cancer, which was accompanied by peritoneal dissemination. A 58-year-old female patient presented with massive right pleural effusion, ascites and a huge pelvic mass. Under the diagnosis of an advanced ovarian tumor, bilateral oophorectomy was performed and sigmoidectomy was also carried out after intraoperative diagnosis of peritoneal dissemination involving the sigmoid colon. However, immunohistochemical staining revealed that the ovarian lesions were metastasis from the primary advanced colon cancer. Postoperatively, ascites and pleural effusion subsided, and the diagnosis of Pseudo-Meigs’ Syndrome due to a metastatic ovarian tumor from colon cancer was determined. The patient is now undergoing a regimen of chemotherapy for colon cancer without recurrence of ascites or hydrothorax 10 mo after the surgery. Pseudo-Meigs’ Syndrome due to a metastatic ovarian tumor from colon cancer is rare but clinically important because long-term alleviation of symptoms can be achieved by surgical resection. This case report suggests that selected patients, even with peritoneal dissemination, may obtain palliation from surgical resection of metastatic ovarian tumors.

Key Words: Pseudo-Meigs’ Syndrome, Colon cancer, Ovarian tumor, Metastasis, Ascites

INTRODUCTION

Meigs’ Syndrome is characterized by pleural effusion and ascites associated with ovarian fibroma or fibroma-like tumors, which are relieved by resection of the responsible lesions. When associated with other types of ovarian tumor, the condition is termed Pseudo-Meigs’ Syndrome[1,2]. Malignancy from the gastrointestinal tract, including colon cancer, is a rare etiology for this syndrome and only a few cases have been reported[3-7]. This case report documents our clinical experience, reviews previously reported cases and discusses the diagnosis and treatment of Pseudo-Meigs’ Syndrome caused by ovarian metastasis from colorectal cancer.

CASE REPORT

A 58-year-old female presented to the hospital with a 1-mo history of general fatigue, dyspnea, abdominal distention, loss of appetite and decreased urine volume, which had worsened progressively over the previous few days. Her past medical history was unremarkable. Physical examination found a large mass in her lower abdomen. The peripheral blood test showed elevated levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): 63.8 ng/mL (normal, < 5 ng/mL), and carbohydrate antigen (CA) 125: 921 U/mL (normal, < 45 U/mL) and a normal level of CA19-9: 2 U/mL (normal, < 37 U/mL). Enhanced computed tomography (CT) demonstrated fluid retention and a round mass with a maximum diameter of 15 cm in the pelvic cavity (Figure 1A). Peritoneal dissemination was highly suspected (Figure 1B), and further examination of the ascites was not performed. The massive right pleural effusion occupied the pleural cavity causing atelectasis and compression of the mediastinum to the left side (Figure 1C). Intermittent drainage of pleural effusion was performed to alleviate severe dyspnea, yielding 4000 mL of serous fluid without malignant cells on cytological examination over 3 d. The patient’s poor general condition and refusal prevented us from further examination including routine gastrointestinal endoscopy, and advanced ovarian cancer was tentatively diagnosed. Subsequent palliative surgery disclosed an enlarged right ovarian tumor and sparsely distributed peritoneal dissemination with mid-sigmoid colon involvement. In addition to bilateral oophorectomy, sigmoidectomy and primary anastomosis were carried out in case of colonic obstruction.

Figure 1 Computed tomography. A: A huge round mass in the pelvis suggesting a bilateral ovarian tumor (black arrows); B: Massive ascites and thickness of omentum (white allows) suggesting peritoneal dissemination; C: Right pleural effusion with atelectasis (black allow) and left-side compression of the mediastinum.

Histopathological examination of resected specimens showed that both the ovarian and colonic lesions were composed of well-differentiated adenocarcinoma (Figure 2A and B). The dissected paracolic nodes showed positive malignant cells. However, immunohistochemical staining of cytokeratin 7, mucin-5AC and CA125 was negative and that of cytokeratin 20, CEA and CDX-2 was positive (Figure 2C and D), confirming the ovarian tumors were metastases from primary colon cancer[8]. The postoperative course was uneventful and ascites and pleural effusion subsided. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), leucovorin and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) were administered every 2 wk for 5 mo and then changed to 5-FU, leucovorin and irinotecan (FOLFILI) due to neuropathy. Ten months after the surgery, tumor markers were within the normal range and abdominal CT showed no sign of tumor growth or recurrent fluid retention either in the pleural or abdominal cavity. She did not experience a marked change in bowel habit after the surgery and during chemotherapy. The diagnosis of Pseudo-Meigs’ Syndrome due to metastatic ovarian tumor from colon cancer was determined.

Figure 2 Microscopic features. A: Well-differentiated adenocarcinoma compatible with primary colon cancer; hematoxylin and eosin staining; B: The ovarian tumor is composed of tumor cells compatible with metastasis of colon cancer; C: Cytokeratin 7 showing negative result of staining in the ovarian tumor; D: CDX-2 showing staining in tumor cells in the ovary.

DISCUSSION

Pseudo-Meigs’ Syndrome caused by ovarian metastasis from colon cancer is a rare condition. In 2000, Nagakura et al[3] reviewed 5 cases including 3 Japanese cases. Thereafter only 4 subsequent reports of Pseudo-Meigs’ Syndrome with the same etiology were reported (Table 1). The age of the patients was relatively low considering that the mean age of occurrence of colorectal cancer is approximately 64-71 years[9,10]. Pleural effusion is more prevalent in the right side, and the ovarian tumor is usually large (mean diameter 16 cm) and predominantly bilateral.

Table 1 Summary of reported cases of Pseudo-Meigs’ Syndrome resulting from ovarian metastasis of colorectal cancer.

Reference	Age (yr)	Onset of syndrome	Site of pleural effusion	Synchronous metastasis	Diameter of ovarian tumor (cm)	Site of ovarian tumor	Long-term outcome
Nagakura et al[3]	35	Metachronous	Right	None	15	Unilateral	108 mo, alive
Nagakura et al[3]	40	Synchronous	Right	None	Not given	Bilateral	1.5 mo, alive
Nagakura et al[3]	39	Synchronous	Bilateral	None	24	Unilateral	12 mo, alive
Nagakura et al[3]	75	Synchronous	Right	Peritoneum	21	Unilateral	Not given
Nagakura et al[3]	53	Synchronous	Right	None	18	Bilateral	52 mo, alive
Feldman et al[4]	49	Metachronous	Left	None	13	Right	6 mo, alive
Ohsawa et al[5]	41	Synchronous	Bilateral	Peritoneum	16	Bilateral	10 mo, died
Rubinstein et al[6]	61	Synchronous	Bilateral	None	13	Bilateral	Not given
Okuchi et al[7]	42	Synchronous	Right	Liver, lung	11.5	Left	12 mo, died
Present case	58	Synchronous	Right	Peritoneum	15	Bilateral	10 mo, alive

The diagnosis of Pseudo-Meigs’ Syndrome is difficult because of its rarity and the similarity of the symptoms and signs to those of terminal malignant disease. Negative cytological results of ascites and pleural effusion might be informative for differentiating between Pseudo-Meigs’ Syndrome and advanced cancer. Ascites due to peritoneal dissemination or peritonitis carcinomatosa is generally refractory to surgical or medical treatment, rendering surgical intervention for patients with this condition mostly harmful. Nevertheless, a negative result of cytology or peritoneal dissemination is not necessarily a requirement for the diagnosis of Pseudo-Meigs’ Syndrome. Three out of 10 reported cases of Pseudo-Meigs’ Syndrome due to metastatic colorectal cancer had peritoneal dissemination (Table 1).

Recently, an elevated level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in blood and ascites were reported in a patient with Pseudo-Meigs’ Syndrome due to colon cancer[7]. In that case, the hypersecretion of VEGF from oviducts was considered to play a key role in the pathogenesis of ascites and pleural effusion[7]. VEGF levels in blood and ascites might be useful for determining which patients would recover from massive fluid retention by surgical resection of metastatic ovarian tumors, even with a positive cytological result of ascites.

In the cases reviewed, the postoperative course was uneventful, symptoms were rapidly relieved, and palliation of the symptoms was long lasting[3-7]. A study from a single institute in Japan reported that the 3-year survival-rate of 5 cases of pseudo-Meigs’ Syndrome was 37.5%[11]. However, surgeons should be prudent in the use of surgery. In general, colon cancer with ovarian metastasis is hard to cure[12]. Colon cancer with ascites is associated with frequent postoperative complications[13]. In addition, publication bias must be considered when interpreting rare conditions. Without obvious evidence, a regional lymphadenectomy should be reserved for selected patients, and oophorectomy with colorectal resection with minimal invasion should be the first choice surgical strategy.

In conclusion, ovarian metastasis from sigmoid colon cancer is a potential cause of Pseudo-Meigs’ Syndrome. Surgical resection can be the treatment of choice for a selected patient even with the apparent peritoneal dissemination, because it can provide long-term palliation.