Brief Article Open Access
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World J Gastroenterol. Mar 21, 2011; 17(11): 1501-1506
Published online Mar 21, 2011. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i11.1501
Clinicopathologic significance of HER-2/neu protein expression and gene amplification in gastric carcinoma
Shi-Yan Yan, Ying Hu, Jian-Gao Fan, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
Guo-Quan Tao, Department of General Surgery, Huaian No.1 People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Huaian 223300, Jiangsu Province, China
Yong-Ming Lu, Xu Cai, Bao-Hua Yu, Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
Yi-Qun Du, Department of Pathology, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
Author contributions: Yan SY participated in the treatment of patients, analyzed the data, performed the research and wrote the manuscript; Hu Y and Fan JG participated in the treatment of patients, collected the data and designed the research; Tao GQ, Du YQ and Cai X collected all the cancer samples and Clinicopathologic data of gastric carcinoma patients; Other authors contributed to the new reagents/analytic tools.
Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 81071888
Correspondence to: Shi-Yan Yan, MD, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China. shyyan2008phd@yahoo.com
Telephone: +86-21-25078999 Fax: +86-21-25078999
Received: August 8, 2010
Revised: December 13, 2010
Accepted: December 20, 2010
Published online: March 21, 2011

Abstract

AIM: To study the HER-2/neu protein expression and gene amplification in gastric carcinoma and their relation.

METHODS: One hundred and forty-five formalin-fixed and paraffin- embedded tumor tissue samples from Chinese gastric carcinoma patients were studied with immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) methods. Clinicopathologic data about all patients were collected.

RESULTS: The levels of HER-2 3+, HER-2 2+ and HER2 1+ were measurable in 6.9%, 8.3% and 17.2% of the samples, respectively. No HER-2 was stained in 67.6% of the samples. FISH showed that HER-2 gene was amplified in 18 samples, 10 HER-2 3+ samples, 5 HER-2 2+ samples, and 3 HER-2 1+ samples with IHC staining. HER-2 status was not correlated with the sex and age of patients, and tumor size, location or differentiation, but with the depth of invasion, TNM stage, lymph node and distant metastasis as well as histopathological classification of gastric cancer (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION: All samples with IHC as HER-2 expression should be analyzed with FISH. Detection of HER-2 gene amplification can assess the malignant biological behaviors and prognosis of gastric cancer.

Key Words: Gastric carcinoma, HER-2, Clinocopathologic significance, Immunohistochemistry, Fluorescence in situ hybridization



INTRODUCTION

Gastric cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Surgery is the only curative procedure for localized gastric cancer, which is at the advanced stage when diagnosed in most cases. Currently available agents are not very effective, resulting in a high recurrence rate, a low survival rate, and a poor prognosis of advanced gastric cancer patients. Thus, treatment of gastric cancer remains a challenge for physicians. New targeted therapies for advanced gastric carcinoma are needed, which may open up a new avenue for cancer treatment. Current targeted therapy for advanced gastric carcinoma depends on the evaluation of target gene status[1-3].

HER-2/neu or CerbB-2 is a member of growing factors (EGFR, erbB-2, erbB-3 and erbB-4) in the HER family with intrinsic protein tyrosine kinase activity, and its increased activity is the assumed mechanism underlying cell transformation[4]. It is an oncogene that regulates the biological functions such as cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and apoptosis. It was reported that HER-2 is over-expressed in cancer of breast, lungs, salivary gland, ovary, colon, prostate and pancreas[5,6]. HER-2 plays an important role in activation of HER-2 protein, and is over-expressed in 10%-38% of gastric cancer patients[7]. However, the correlation between the expression of HER-2 protein and the prognosis of gastric cancer is still controversial. Different studies showed different HER-2 expression levels in gastric carcinoma[8-10].

Detecting the HER-2 status in gastric carcinoma is a prerequisite of monoclonal antibody therapy for gastric cancer. In this study, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used in detecting HER-2 oncoprotein and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was used as a follow-up test for ambiguous results.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials

Paraffin-embedded tumor tissue blocks were provided by Cancer Hospital of Fudan University and Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Jiangsu Province. One hundred and forty-five (95 males and 50 females) out of the 476 Chinese patients with gastric adenocarcinoma, admitted to Department of Surgery, Cancer Hospital of Fudan University, and Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Jiangsu Province in 2006-2009 for surgery, were enrolled in this study. Tumor tissue blocks from patients with full clinical data (including diagnosis, age, sex, address, disease history, etc.) were cut into 20 slides. The average age of the patients was 60 years. Cancer was classified as stage I in 32 cases, stage II in 35 cases, stage III in 37 cases, and stage IV in 41 cases, respectively, according to the TNM Cancer Staging System of the American Joint Committee of Cancer. The study was approved by The Review Board of Fudan University Cancer Hospital and Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Jiangsu Province. Informed consent was obtained from all patients.

Tumor tissue was cut into 4-μm thick sections which were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathological types, differentiation stage, IHC and FISH evaluation.

Immunohistochemical staining

Slides were deparaffinized, rehydrated, and heated in a microwave oven containing 0.01 mol/L citrate buffer (pH 6.0) for 5 min at 100°C for antigen retrieval, cooled for 20 min and washed with water and a buffer solution. Peroxidase was applied for 5 min and washed with a buffer solution for 2 × 5 min. Primary antibody diluted at 1:200 was applied for 30 min, link and streptavidin were applied for 10 min, respectively, and then washed with a buffer solution for 2 × 5 min. The bound antibody was visualized using a DAB-chromogen substrate. The sections were then counterstained with hematoxylin, covered with a cover-slip. Negative control was stained by omission of the primary antibody. Over-expression of HER-2 protein in paraffin-embedded invasive breast carcinoma tissue slides was used as a positive control.

A strong brown staining was located in cell membrane of malignant cells using this staining method. The DAKO Hercep Test™ Protocol System[11] was used to grade the membrane staining. The staining was scored as negative (0) when no membrane was stained or when membrane was stained in less than 10% of tumor cells, weakly positive (1+) if focal membrane was stained in more than 10% of tumor cells, intermediately positive (2+) if complete membrane was weakly- moderately stained in more than 10% of tumor cells, and strongly positive (3+) if complete membrane was intensely stained in more than 10% of tumor cells. Scores 0 and 1 were considered negative, while scores 2 and 3 were considered positive.

FISH analysis

HER-2 gene was amplified with dual-color FISH using a Passvision HER-2 DNA probe kit (Vysis Inc. Downers Grove, IL, USA) according to its manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, hybridization buffer, DNA probe, and purified water were centrifuged, and heated to 73°C for 5 min in a water bath. Slides were immersed in a denaturing bath (70% formamide 2 × SSC) for 5 min at 73°C, followed by dehydration in increasing ethanol concentrations, and then dried. The probe mixture was applied to each slide. The slides were placed in a 42°C incubator for 30 min, washed with 0.4 × SSC/0.3% NP-40 for 2 min, air-dried in darkness, counterstained with 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and covered with a cover-slip. HER-2/neu-spectrum orange probe contains a DNA sequence specific for the HER-2 human gene locus and hybridized to the region 17q11.2-q12 of human chromosomes. CEP17 (chromosome enumeration probe 17)/spectrum green probe containing alpha-satellite DNA that hybridizes to the D17Z1 locus (centromere region of chromosome 17) was used as a control. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI. The slides were observed under a B × 60 fluorescence microscope equipped with a digital camera (DP50; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) and the images were captured on a Windows PC with the Viewfinder Lite software. A cell was considered to be amplified when a definite cluster or more than 10 signals for HER-2 were found. Known positive and negative cells were used as controls for each FISH. Gene amplification was scored when a minimum of 20 cancer cell nuclei exhibited a HER-2/CEP17 ratio ≥ 2, or when a HER-2 signal cluster was observed.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis of data was performed by Student’s t test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS
Expression of HER-2 protein in gastric carcinoma

HER-2 protein status in 145 gastric carcinoma tissue samples was determined with immunohistochemical staining (Figure 1). Of the 145 gastric carcinoma tissue samples, 98 (67.6%) were scored as 0, 25 (17.2%) as 1, 12 (8.3%) as 2, and 10 (6.9%) as 3. The positive rate was approximately 15.2% (22/145).

Figure 1
Figure 1 Immunohistochemistry staining of gastric carcinoma tissue samples showing negative HER-2 protein expression (A, B), positive HER-2 protein expression (C, D) (original magnification × 200).
HER-2 gene amplification in gastric carcinomas

The HER-2/CEP17 ratio was determined using the rate of HER-2/neu signals and CEP17 signals in 20 nuclei. The total number of HER-2/neu signals was divided by the total number of CEP17 signals, with a ratio was ≥ 2 according to the indications given by the Abbott-Vysis Company. IHC showed complete membrane immunostaining (2+ and 3+). In addition, 123 samples negative for HER-2 over-expression with IHC staining were also analyzed by FISH. HER-2 gene was amplified in 18 out of the 145 gastric carcinoma tissue samples, including HER-2 3+ in 10 samples, HER2 2+ in 5 samples, and HER2 1+ in 3 samples with IHC staining (Table 1). The 10 tumors with strong complete membrane immunostaining (3+) exhibited HER-2 gene amplification, accounting for 55.6% (10/18) of all HER-2 amplifications. The positive amplification rate of HER-2 gene was about 12.4% (18/145) in all gastric carcinoma tissue samples (Figure 2).

Table 1 Correlation between HER-2 protein expression and HER-2 gene amplification.
HER-2 FISHImmunohistochemistry for HER-2
Total
0 (n = 98)1 (n = 25)2 (n = 12)3 (n = 10)
Negative982270127
Positive0351018
Figure 2
Figure 2 Fluorescence in situ hybridization targeting HER-2 in gastric carcinoma specimens showing intestinal type of carcinoma without HER-2 gene amplification (A) and intestinal type of carcinoma with HER-2 gene amplification (B) (original magnification × 1000).
Correlation between clinicopathologic findings and HER-2 status

The clinicopathological differences were observed in gastric carcinoma tissue samples with or without HER-2 protein expression or HER-2 gene amplification. The HER-2 protein expression and HER-2 gene amplification rates were 86.4 % (19/22) and 94.4 % (17/18) in intestinal type gastric carcinomas, respectively (P <0.05). The HER-2 status was correlated with the depth of invasion, TNM stage, lymph node and distant metastasis (P <0.05). However, no significant relation was found between clinicopathologic variables (sex and age of the patients, and tumor diameter, differentiation, location) (Table 2).

Table 2 HER-2 protein expression and HER-2 gene amplification in gastric carcinoma tissue samples.
Clinicopathologic datanHER-2 (IHC)
P valueHER-2 (FISH)
P value
Pos%Amp%
Sex
Male951414.7NS1010.5NS
Female50816.0816.0
Age (yr)
> 60681014.7NS710.3NS
≤ 60771215.61114.3
Diameter of the tumor (cm)
> 5851517.6NS1214.1NS
≤ 560711.7610.0
Location
Cardia or fundus of stomach55814.5712.7
Body of stomach39512.8NS410.3NS
Sinus ventriculi/ostium pyloricum51917.6713.7
Differentiation
Well36616.7513.9
Moderately44511.4NS49.1NS
Pooly/undifferentiated651116.9913.8
Serosa invasion
Positive1072018.7< 0.051715.9< 0.05
Negative3825.312.7
Lymph node metastasis
Positive912022.0< 0.051819.8< 0.05
Negative5423.700.0
Distant metastasis
Positive111090.9< 0.05981.8< 0.05
Negative134129.086.0
TNM stage
 I + II6734.5< 0.0522.99< 0.05
III + IV781924.41620.5
Histopathological classification(Lauren)
Intestinal861922.11719.8
Diffuse3725.4< 0.0500.0< 0.05
Non classified2214.514.5
DISCUSSION

Gastric cancer is the second most frequent cause of cancer-related death worldwide and the most common cancer in Asian countries[12]. Although various therapies for gastric carcinoma are available, such as gastrectomy with extensive lymphadenectomy and surgery combined with chemotherapy, the control of advanced stage gastric cancer is still a challenge for physicians. In recent years, molecular target therapy is a new treatment modality for gastric cancer and HER-2 has been identified as a potential therapeutic target. However, molecular target therapy for gastric cancer depends on the evaluation of the target gene status.

HER-2 amplification and over-expression play a key role in initiation, progression, and metastasis of some common cancers, including breast and gastric cancer. HER-2 status has been recognized as an important prognostic factor for cancer. The survival time of patients with breast cancer and positive HER-2 disease is significantly shorter than that of those with HER-2 negative tumors[13-15]. Thus, detecting HER-2 status is of important significance in diagnosis of gastric cancer.

It was reported that the HER-2 over-expression rate in gastric carcinoma is 8.2%-34.0%[2,16-18], whereas the concordance of FISH and IHC is 93.5% in diagnosis of gastric cancer[9]. In the present study, the HER-2 gene amplification was evaluated using the FISH method and the HER-2 protein expression levels were compared. The positive rate of HER-2 gene amplification was 12.4% (18/145). Recent studies showed that the HER-2 gene amplification rate in gastric carcinoma is 8.2%-5%[19,20], which is consistent with our findings (12.4%). HER-2 gene amplification is a golden criterion for target therapy with trastuzumab. In this study, the HER-2 gene was amplified in all samples with oncoprotein over-expression at 3+ level, but HER-2 gene was not amplified at 0 level in all samples, which is consistent with the reported data[21], suggesting that target therapy is not necessary for gastric cancer patients with HER-2 protein expression but necessary for those with HER-2 protein over-expression at 3+ level. Although FISH shows a high sensitivity and specificity and remains a criterion for determining gene amplification status, IHC for HER-2 protein expression may be a good alternative when FISH cannot be performed.

In this study, the HER-2 protein expression and the HER-2 gene amplification rates were 86.4% (19/22) and 94.4% (17/18), respectively, in most intestinal types of gastric carcinoma (P < 0.05), and the HER-2 status was correlated with the depth of invasion, TNM stage, lymph node and distant metastasis of gastric cancer (P < 0.05), with no significant relation found between clinicopathologic variables (sex and age of patients, and tumor diameter, differentiation, and location), which is consistent with the reported findings[22]. Furthermore, it has been shown that HER-2 status is only correlated with the histopathological classification of gastric cancer[23]. It was also reported that HER-2 over-expression is correlated with well or moderately differentiated gastric cancer but not with pathologic stage of gastric cancer or the age and sex of gastric cancer patients[24].

In conclusion, HER-2 status is correlated with the depth of invasion, TNM stage, lymph node and distant metastasis of gastric cancer. Detecting HER-2 status may contribute to the target therapy for gastric carcinoma using trastuzumab.

COMMENTS
Background

HER-2 protein over-expression and gene amplification in gastric carcinoma are the prerequisite for monoclonal antibody therapy. Detecting HER-2 status in gastric carcinoma is very important in clinical practice. HER-2 protein expression and gene amplification were detected using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in this study.

Research frontiers

HER-2 is over-expressed in 10%-38% of gastric cancer patients. However, few studies are available on HER-2 status in gastric carcinoma in China.

Innovations and breakthroughs

In this study, HER-2 over-expression was detected with IHC and HER-2 gene amplification was found with FISH. FISH testing is unnecessary for patients with HER-2 protein expression at 0 or 3+ level and necessary for patients with HER-2 protein expression at 1+ or 2+ levels. HER-2 status was correlated with the depth of invasion, TNM stage, lymph node and distant metastasis of gastric cancer.

Applications

IHC may be used to screen the HER-2 status in gastric carcinoma patients. FISH testing may be necessary for patients with HER-2 protein expression at 1+ or 2+ levels. The screening method may determine whether target therapy is necessary for gastric carcinoma using trastuzumab.

Terminology

IHC and FISH are the abbreviation forms of IHC and FISH, respectively. HER-2 status contains negative or positive HER-2 protein expression, HER-2 gene amplification or no HER-2 gene amplification.

Peer review

The authors showed the expression of HER-2 in approximately one third of patients. Interestingly, they found that HER-2 was amplified not only in IHC +3 cases but also in some of IHC +2 and even +1 cases, suggesting that FISH should be performed in all cases with positive IHC and HER-2 expression is correlated with the key indicators for cancer progression, such as TNM stage and metastasis.

Footnotes

Peer reviewer: Jean François Beaulieu, Professor, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Heath Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Qué, J1H 5N4, Canada

S- Editor Sun H L- Editor Wang XL E- Editor Zheng XM

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