Body weight, lifestyle, dietary habits and gastroesophageal reflux disease

Table 3 Dietary intake and GERD-related clinical manifestations

Author	Year	Country	Study design	Population size	Method of data collection	Effects
Fatty foods, chocolate, carminatives
Nebel et al[84]	1972	USA	Case series	10	Infused open-tipped system	Lowered LESP
Becker et al[82]	1989	USA	Case-control	20	24-h pH-metry	Increased esophageal acid exposure
Nebel et al[86]	1976	USA	Population-based	1004	Symptom questionnaire	Worsened reflux symptoms
Iwakiri et al[89]	1996	Japan	Population-based	20	pH-monitoring
Holloway et al[90]	1997	Australia	Case-control	23	Esophageal manometry and pH-monitoring
Meyer et al[91]	2001	USA	Population-based	11	Esophageal perfusion with HCl and duodenal perfusion with fat and saline, symptoms interview and scales
El-Serag et al[87]	2005	USA	Cross- sectional	371	Dietary and symptom questionnaire and upper endoscopy
Shapiro et al[88]	2007	USA	Case series	50	GERD symptoms checklist, upper endoscopy, 24-h pH-metry, dietary intake records
Ruhl[49]	1999	USA	Epidemiological	12 349	Upper endoscopy, symptoms interview, total dietary servings of high fat foods	No association with GERD symptoms, reflux episodes or lower esophageal sphincter pressure
Phel[92]	1999	Germany	Case series	12	Esophageal manometry, pH-metry
Colombo[93]	2002	Italy	Case series	13	pH-metry in three solid/liquid meals
Nandurkar[41]	2004	USA	Population-based, nested case-control	211	GERD, energy expediture, dietary intake questionnaires
Zheng[43]	2007	Sweden	Swedish Twin Registry	27 717	Questionnaire, telephone interview
High caloric load
Colombo[93]	2002	Italy	Case series	13	pH-metry in three solid/liquid meals
Fox[80]	2007	UK	Case series	15	pH-monitoring in four dietary conditions
Fruits, vegetable, high fiber intake
El-Serag et al[87]	2005	USA	Cross- sectional	371	Dietary and symptom questionnaire and upper endoscopy	Improved symptoms
Zheng et al[43]	2007	Sweden	Monozygotic co-twin study based on Swedish Twin Registry	27 717	Questionnaire, telephone interview	No association
Alcohol
O’Leary et al[97]	2003	Ireland	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial	56	Symptom questionnaires and drug-diet-alcohol records	Worsened reflux symptoms
Rosaida et al[98]	2004	Malayia	Cross-sectional	1000	Upper endoscopy and symptom and risk factor questionnaire
Wang et al[96]	2004	China	Epidemiological	2789	Symptom and risk factor questionnaire
Mohammed et al[95]	2005	UK	Population-based	1533	Symptom and lifestyle questionnaire
Talley et al[102]	1994	USA	Cross-sectional	1644	Symptom and lifestyle questionnaire	No association
Stanghellini et al[101]	1999	Multinational	Cross-sectional	5581	Symptom and lifestyle questionnaire
Nilsson et al[99]	2004	Norway	Case-control	> 40 000	Symptom and lifestyle questionnaire
Zheng et al[43]	2007	Sweden	Swedish Twin Registry	27 717	Questionnaire, telephone interview
Shapiro et al[88]	2007	USA	Case series	50	GERD symptoms checklist, upper endoscopy, 24-h pH-metry, dietary intake records	Reduced perception of acid reflux
Coffee
Price et al[103]	1978	USA	Population-based	66	Intraesophageal infusion of coffee, orange juice, spicy tomato drink and HCl	Worsened reflux symptoms
Stanghellini et al[101]	1999	Multinational	Cross-sectional	5581	Symptom and lifestyle questionnaire	No association
Boekema et al[104]	1999	Netherlands	Randomized controlled crossover study	15	24-h pH-monitoring and coffee and water drinking
Wang et al[96]	2004	China	Epidemiological	2789	Symptoms and risk factor questionnaire
Zheng et al[43]	2007	Sweden	Swedish Twin Registry	27 717	Questionnaire, telephone interview	Protective factor