Effects of extract from Ginkgo biloba on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats

Abstract

AIM: To study the effects of extract from Ginkgo biloba (EGb) containing 22% flavonoid and 5% terpenoid on chronic liver injury and liver fibrosis of rats induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄).

METHODS: All rats were randomly divided into control group, CCl₄-treated group, colchicine-treated group and EGb-protected group. Chronic liver injury was induced in experimental groups by subcutaneous injection of CCl₄ and fed with chows premixed with 79.5% corn powder, 20% lard and 0.5% cholesterol (v/v). EGb-protected group was treated with EGb (0.5 g/kg body weight per day) for 7 wk. At the end of wk 8, all the rats were killed. Liver function, liver fibrosis, oxidative stress and expression of transforming growth factor β₁ (TGF-β₁), a-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and type I collagens in liver were determined. In addition, pathology changes of liver tissue were observed under light microscope.

RESULTS: The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and albumin (Alb) in EGb-protected group were notably improved as compared with the CCL₄-treated group (P < 0.01). The contents of serum hyaluronic acid (HA), type III procollagen (PCIII), type IV collagen (CIV) and the expression of hepatic tissue TGF-β₁, α-SMA and type I collagen in EGb-protected group were significantly lower than those in CCL₄-treated groups (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The degrees of liver fibrosis in EGb-protected groups were lower than those in CCL₄-treated groups (6.58 ± 1.25 vs 9.52 ± 2.06, P < 0.05). Compared to the CCL₄-treated group, the levels of plasma glutathoine peroxidase (Se-GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were strikingly improved also in EGb-protected group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION: EGb resists oxidative stress and thereby reduces chronic liver injury and liver fibrosis in rats with liver injury induced by CCl₄.

Key Words: Rats, Hepatic fibrosis, Chronic liver damage, Extract from Ginkgo biloba, Lipid peroxidation

INTRODUCTION

Chronic liver diseases commonly result in liver fibrosis and eventually liver cirrhosis. It has been demonstrated that oxygen-derived free radicals (ODFR) and lipid peroxidation play a critical role in the pathogenesis of various liver diseases including hepatic fibrosis[1-3]. Thereby it has become the key to prevent and cure hepatic damage by eliminating free radicals and preventing lipid peroxidation[4-8], and are applied in clinical medicine[9-11].

Extract from Ginkgo biloba (EGb) is an extract from dried ginkgo leaves. EGb could be used in the treatment of asthma and bronchitis. Recent studies have shown that flavonoid (ginkgo-flavone glycosides) and terpenoid (ginkgolides and bilobalides) are the most important active substances in the extract[12]. EGb is well known for its antioxidant property due to its ability to scavenge free radicals and to neutralize ferryl ion-induced peroxidation[13]. Furthermore, EGb can antagonize platelet-activating factor (PAF)[14]. Studies have shown that the antioxidant activity of EGb contributes to the prevention and treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress[15-19]. These properties of the EGb are thought to provide many beneficial effects against chronic liver damage and liver fibrosis. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of EGb on chronic liver damage and liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Animals and reagents

Male Spratgue-Dawley rats weighing 180 to 220 g were purchased from the Experimental Animal Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University Medical School (certification number: Shaanxi 8-005). Fifty-five animals were treated humanely according to the national guideline for the care of animals and divided randomly into four groups. The rats in control group were given common chows, while the rats in the other three groups were fed with chows premixed with 79.5% corn powder, 20% lard and 0.5% cholesterol (v/v). Meanwhile, 3 mL/kg body weight CCl₄ (analytically pure, Xi’an Chemical Factory, China) as a solution 40% (v/v) in peanut oil was injected subcutaneously twice a week into the rats of CCl₄-treated group, and the first dosage was 5 mL/kg body weight CCl₄. The EGb-treated group and colchicine-treated group received EGb (Tianbao Yinxingpian, 19.2 mg flavonoid glycoside in 80 mg EGb of each tablet, Guizhou Xinbang Drug Design Co. Ltd, China) 0.5 mg/kg per day and colchicine (Xi’an Chemical Factory, China), 0.5 g/kg body weight per day. The control group and CCl₄-treated group were fed with distilled water.

Rats were sacrificed 7 wk later. Serum or plasma was collected and stored at -20°C for determination. Specimens of isolated rat livers were fixed in formaldehyde and stored in liquid nitrogen.

Detection of serum markers

Activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and concentration of album (Alb) were assayed by a 7170-A automatic analyzer (Hitachi, Japan). Meanwhile, serum hyaluronic acid (HA), type III procollgen (PCIII) and type IV collagen (CIV) concentrations were measured radioimmunologically using commercial kits (Peking Northern Biotech Institute, China).

Parameters of plasma antioxidation

The activity of glutathoine peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in plasma was quantified, and the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in plasma was determined as previously described[20].

Liver histopathology

For histopathological analysis, thin liver slices were cut, fixed in formaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. Five-μm thick sections were then stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and masons trichrome before observed under light microscope. The degree of hepatic fibrosis was determined by a semi-quantitative method[21].

Immunohistochemical examination

Liver tissue sections were mounted onto slides, deparaffinized in xylene, and rehydrated in alcohol. The levels of transforming growth factor β₁ (TGF-β₁) (Dako, USA), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) (Neomarkers, USA) and type I collagen (Sigma, USA) were determined by immunohistochemical methods using S-P immunohistochemical test kits (Maixing Bio-technological Co., Ltd, Fujian, China). Based on the histological staging, α-SMA, type I collagen and TGF-β₁ positive cells were expressed as percentage of the total area of the specimen.

Statistical analysis

Data were expressed as mean ± SD unless indicated specially, and analyzed by software package SPSS. The Mann-Whitney u test for nonparametric and unpaired values, Student’s t-test or Fisher’s exact test was used as appropriate. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Changes of serum indicators

Table 1 gives the values for the activities of serum indicator enzymes and Alb. CCl₄ produced a marked increase in the activities of serum ALT and AST and a significant decrease in Alb level. CCl₄ plus EGb-protected group showed a significant decrease in enzyme levels and a significant increase in Alb level.

Table 1 Effect of EGb on liver function in rats with CCl₄-induced injuries (mean ± SD).

Group	n	ALT (nkat•L-1)	AST (nkat•L-1)	Alb (g•L-1)
Control	10	42.8 ± 12.5	112.5 ± 36.5	35.3 ± 3.8
CCl4 treated	11	286.9 ± 52.6b	250.4 ± 22.5b	25.5 ± 4.8b
Colchicines	12	165.2 ± 36.5d	193.6 ± 20.8	29.5 ± 4.1
EGb	12	92.5 ± 27.5d	118.2 ± 18.2d	32.3 ± 6.2d

^bP < 0.01 vs control group;

^dP < 0.01 vs CCl₄-treated group.

Effects of EGb on plasma antioxidation in rats

The activities of plasma SOD and GSH-Px were markedly reduced in CCl₄-treated group compared with control group, while the content of MDA was significantly increased (P < 0.01). Markers in EGb-protected group were dramatically recovered compared with model group (P < 0.01, Table 2).

Table 2 Effect of EGb on liver antioxidation in rats with CCl₄-induced injuries (mean ± SD).

Group	n	SOD (nkat•mg-1)	GSH-Px(nkat•g protein-1)	MDA (nmol•g-1)
Control	10	336.9 ± 82.4	482.4 ± 119.3	62.5 ± 15.6
CCl4 treated	11	51.5 ± 12.8b	162.5 ± 46.8b	323.5 ± 122.1b
Colchicines	12	112.5 ± 67.5d	178.2 ± 78.5d	168.3 ± 66.4d
EGb	12	165.2 ± 76.1d	303.6 ± 101.8a	112.3 ± 33.9a

^bP < 0.01 vs control group;

^dP < 0.01,

^aP < 0.05 vs CCl₄-treated group.

Effects of EGb on serum fibrosis

The contents of HA, PCIII and CIV were significantly increased in CCl₄-treated group compared with control group (P < 0.01). EGb could reduce the three ECM markers (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, Table 3).

Table 3 Effect of EGb on serum levels of HA, PCIII and CIV (mean ± SD).

Group	n	HA (μg•L-1)	PCIII (μg•L-1)	CIV (μg•L-1)
Control	10	40.5 ± 7.8	15.3 ± 3.2	18.5 ± 4.0
CCl4 treated	11	126.9 ± 12.8a	36.5 ± 7.2a	56.2 ± 7.8b
Colchicines	12	79.2 ± 16.5b	23.5 ± 5.6b	33.6 ± 5.5d
EGb	12	91.5 ± 11.6b	28.5 ± 6.0a	38.4 ± 5.8a

^bP < 0.01 vs control group;

^dP < 0.01,

^aP < 0.05 vs CCl₄-treated group.

Influence of EGb on degree of liver fibrosis in rats

HE and mason’s trichrome-stained liver sections were observed. The normal control livers showed normal lobular architecture with central veins and radiating hepatic cords (Figure 1A). Histological examination of livers from CCL₄-treated group rats revealed hepatocyte denaturation, necrosis, connective tissue hyperplasia, hepatic lobule disorganization and pseudo-lobule formation, degree III fibrosis and hyperplasia (Figure 1B). However, in EGb-protected group, the hepatocyte denaturation and necrosis were not obvious. Hyperplasia of connective tissue was decreased. Liver fibrosis belonged to degree I or II (Figure 1C), but pseudo-lobule formation was not found.

Figure 1 Effects of EGb on histology of CCL₄-induced fibrotic rat liver. Masson trichome staining, scale bar = 40 μm, original magnification × 100. A: Normal rat liver; B: Fibrosis in CCL₄-treated group; C: Fibrosis in EGb-protected group.

The fibrosis degrees of all groups are shown in Table 4. In addition, detection of hepatic fibrosis markers in serum (6.58 ± 1.25) was also lower than that in CCL₄-treated group (9.52 ± 2.06) compared with control group (P < 0.05).

Table 4 Effect of EGb on degree of liver fibrosis in rats (mean ± SD).

Group	n	Degree of liver fibrosis
		0	I	II	III
Control	10	10	0	0	0
CCL4 treatedb	11	0	1	2	8
EGba	12	0	6	4	2

^bP < 0.01 vs control group;

^aP < 0.05 vs CCl₄-treated group.

Effects of EGb on TGF-β₁, α-SMA, type I collagen expression in rats with CCl₄ -induced injuries

Immunohistochemistry revealed that type I collagen was stained in vascular smooth muscle cells and sinusoids of control group rat livers only (Figure 2A). While in CCl₄-treated group, type I collagen was strongly expressed within centrilobular and periportal fibrotic bands (Figure 2B). The percentage of type I collagen expressing area in EGb-protected group was obviously lower than that in CCl₄-treated group (P < 0.05, Figure 2C).

Figure 2 Effects of EGb on type I collagen expression in CCl₄-induced fibrotic rat liver. Immunohistochemistry staining, scale bar = 40 μm, original magnification × 100. A: Normal rat liver; B: Strong expression of type I collagen in CCL₄-treated group; C: Expression of type I collagen in EGb-protected group.

The percentage areas of type I collagen, TGF-β₁ and α-SMA staining in the rat liver are shown in Figure 3. The results suggested that administration of CCl₄ significantly increased the percentage areas of all the three-marker staining. However, this condition could be significantly suppressed by use of EGb.

Figure 3 Percentage areas (%) of type I collagen, α-SMA, and TGF-β₁ in rat liver.

DISCUSSION

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) is widely used to experimentally induce liver damage. Peroxidation of membrane lipids secondary to the formation of trichloromethyl (CCl_{3 1/2} and /or CCl₃OO_1/2) radicals is believed to be the basis for the toxic effect of CCl₄[22]. These radicals are capable of initiating a chain of lipid peroxidation reactions by abstracting hydrogen from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Peroxidation of lipids, particularly those containing PUFA, can dramatically change the properties of biological membranes, resulting in severe cell damage and play a significant role in pathogenesis of diseases. Membrane lipid peroxidation induces crosslinking in proteins. This can be provoked by the MDA generated during PUFA degradation. The two-aldehyde functions of MDA can covalently bind to the free amine functions of proteins and lead to an irreversible polymerization. Oxidative damage can also produce reversible disulfide-bonded polymers resulting from the oxidation of protein tiols. These substances lead to CCl₄ hepatoxicity by starting lipid peroxidation in the membranes[23-24].

Standard Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761 (commercial name), contains 22%-27% flavonoids (ginkgo-flavone glycosides) and 5%-7% terpenoids (ginkgolides and bilobalides), which are the most important active substances in the extract. The most important flavonoids are glycosides of kaempferol, quercetin, and isorhamnetin with glucose or rhamnose. Ginkgolides, not found in any other living species and only presented in Ginkgo biloba extract, can be divided into types A, B, C, and a very small quantity of J, which are only different in the number and position of hydroxyl groups[12,13,25]. Several mechanisms of action of EGb have been described: vasoregulatory activity and rheological effects, such as decreased iscosity, anti-platelet activating factor activity, and metabolic changes, such as increase neuron tolerance to anoxia, as well as gene- regulatory effects, such as suggesting anticancer activity, and prevention of damage to cell membranes caused by free radicals[13-16,26].

Recent studies have provided considerable support for the in vitro and in vivo protective effects of EGb 761 on ischemia/reperfusion injury or oxidative stress[13,15,19,27]. These effects are closely related to the ability of ginkgo-flavone glycosides, the main component of EGb. It has been reported that flavonoids origin nuclear can reduce hydroxy function group, which could capture oxygen-derived free radicals, such as superoxide anion, hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals, and nitric oxide, act as a donator of hydrogen atom to terminate pathological aggravation of free radical chain reaction and lipid peroxidation, and relieve the injury caused by oxygen-derived free radicals and lipid peroxidation[12,13]. Consequently, it reduces lipid peroxidation. Thus EGb has wide antioxidant effects and can be used in disease treatment[16-19,25,28].

Recent studies indicate that oxidative stress is relevant to the formation of fibrosis in most chronic liver diseases, frequently accompanying decline of anti-oxidation abilities, such as accumulation of lipid peroxidation, descent of anti-oxidase capability, decline of reduced glutathione, which plays an important role in pathologenesis of various liver diseases. Therefore, lipid peroxidation is an important factor, which connects inflammatory injury with hepatic fibrosis. Under the circumstances, we suppose that antioxidant therapy could protect hepatocytes from lipid peroxidation, and prevent or relieve chronic liver damage processes[1-3,22]. Daba et al[22] demonstrated that EGb is a protective agent against lung toxicity induced by BLM treatment. This study showed that the levels of hepatic enzyme indicator MDA were decreased while the serum levels of ALB and the activity of SOD and GSH-Px in the CCl₄ plus EGb-protected group were decreased when compared with CCl₄-treated group. The findings are similar to the results of Daba et al[22], which further confirmed that EGb can inhibit CCl₄-induced lipid peroxidation in plasma and liver tissue and has protective effect on experimental chronic liver damage induced by CCl₄.

Hepatic fibrosis is usually initiated by hepatocyte damage, leading to recruitment of inflammatory cells and platelets, activation of kupffer cells and subsequent release of cytokines and growth factors[29,30]. These factors probably link the inflammatory and repair phase of liver cirrhosis by activating hepatic stellate cells (HSC)[31,32]. Recently, HSC have been identified as an important cellular source of extracellular matrix (ECM) in liver fibrosis[33]. These cells reside in the perisinusoidal space of Disse that separates hepatocytes from the sinusoidal endothelium. Upon injury (e.g. by toxins or chronic hepatitis), the normally quiescent HSC are activated and start to proliferate. The activated HSC undergo a phenotypic transdifferentiation to contract myofibroblasts (MFB) expressing α-SMA, and produce an excess of ECM molecules. TGF-β₁ is one of the most fibrogenetic cytokines on HSC, and initiates HSC activation characterized by proliferation and expression of α-SMA and ECM[34-36]. It has been shown that lipid peroxidation, free-radical-mediated process, and certain lipid peroxidation products induce genetic overexpression of fibrogenic cytokines (e.g. TGF-β₁ and platelet-derived growth factor) and increase the synthesis of collagen. Free radicals and MDA can stimulate the synthesis of collagen and initiate the activation of HSC[37,38]. Our results showed that the expression of TGF-β₁, α-SMA and type I collagen in liver, the level of hepatic fibrosis markers in serum and the degrees of fibrosis in liver tissue in EGb-protected group were obviously lower than those in model group, accompanying the decreasing MDA content. These findings suggest that EGb can suppress TGF-β₁ expression and TGF-β₁-initiated HSC activation, inhibit HSC proliferation and down-regulate α-SMA protein. The antifibrotic effect of EGb may be in part due to its radical scavenging action or antioxidant activity.

In conclusion, EGb is effective against oxidative liver damage and liver fibrosis induced by CCl_4, the protective effect may be due to its radical scavenging action or antioxidant activity. Therefore, EGb can be used to prevent and treat hepatic fibrosis. Further investigations on this matter are needed.