An anomaly in persistent right umbilical vein of portal vein diagnosed by ultrasonography

Abstract

AIM: To detect the anomaly in the persistent right umbilical vein (PRUV) of portal vein (PV) with deviation of the ligamentum tere and left-sided gallbladder.

METHODS: A total of 5783 candidates for routine analysis were evaluated for hepatic vascular abnormalities by ultrasonography.

RESULTS: Ten candidates (0.17%) had a portal vein anomaly with a rightward-deviated ligamentum tere. The blood-flow velocity in the PRUV of the portal vein (17.7±3.0 cm/s) of the 10 cases was similar to that of the right anterior portal trunk (17.6±4.1 cm/s). However, the vessel diameter of the PRUV (φ12.4±4.4 mm) was larger than the right anterior portal trunk (j6.1±0.9 mm). Therefore, flow volume in the anomalous portion (0.97±0.30 L/min) was more than that in the right anterior portal trunk (0.18±0.05 L/min).

CONCLUSION: The anomaly plays an important role in intra-hepatic PV flow.

Key Words: PV anomaly, Persistent right umbilical vein, Ultrasonography

INTRODUCTION

Abdominal ultrasonography (US) is a routine clinical method of examining the liver. The classification of Couinaud is used at present in order to divide the liver into 8 areas counter-clockwise from the caudate lobe. In this classification, the portal vein (PV) dominates an area, and the hepatic vein becomes a boundary in each area. Therefore, understanding the main root and branching of the PV is very important.

We observed an anomaly in the persistent right umbilical vein (PRUV) of PV first described by Matsumoto[1] in 1986, who noted the absence of the umbilical portion of the left PV from its normal site and deviation of the ligamentum teres to the right. Therefore, we investigated the prevalence of PRUV during routine ultrasonography screening.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Between April 1995 and March 1996, 5783 (3227 men, 2556 women) subjects underwent abdominal US at Matsusaka Central General Hospital. We had detected anomalous portal branching of PRUV in 10 persons. Ten men and 10 women were enrolled in this study.

An ALOKA SSD-650 ultrasound machine with 3.5 MHz convex array probes was used. Then we routinely assessed PV flow by duplex sonography (combined real-time and pulsed Doppler) employing an EUB-565A transducer with 3.5-5.0 MHz (Hitachi, Japan). The wall-filter was set at 50-100 Hz. Sample volume was maintained below 5 mm and located at the center of each vessel. The spectral waveform was angle-corrected and the Doppler angles of incidence were less than 60°. We observed anomalous portal vein branching system by B-mode method. Then we investigated blood vessel diameter, mean velocity and mean flow volume with pulse wave Doppler methods, and compared the left side umbilical portion with normal group of patients and trunk of the PRUV. Pulsed Doppler US was performed in the supine position, using mechanical ventilation or quiet breathing in a fasting state. The sample point of the pulsed Doppler US examination was placed at the center of the umbilical portion.

RESULTS

Anomaly of the PRUV of PV was incidentally detected during a routine abdominal US. The prevalence of this anomaly was 0.17% (10 of 5 783). Three men and 7 women aged 20-81 years (mean, 53.9 years) had the anomaly. In these patients with PRUV at the portal hepatis, the portal trunk first gave rise to a branch to the right posterior segment. The left PV which normally runs horizontally at this level was absent, and there was no major branch to the right anterior segment. The portal trunk then ran upward and gave off a branch to the left lobe. At this point, the PV made a U-turn in a right anterior direction and downward, giving off branches to the right anterior segment and small branches to the left lobe. The umbilical portion was not identified at its usual position (i.e., in the left PV between the medial and lateral segments of the liver). Instead, a U-shaped part resembling the umbilical portion was seen above the gallbladder fossa (i.e., on the Cantlie line). Right anterior segment and quadrate lobe of the liver were supplied from the entire part of the PRUV (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Persistent right umbilical vein shown on ultrasonogram. A: Right posterior portal branch originating from the main portal vein at the portal hepatis; B: Anterior portal branch and P₄ branch of the portal vein originating from the umbilical portion; C, D: Persistent right umbilical vein on the Cantlie line; PRUV: Persistent right umbilical vein; RAP: right anterior portal vein; RPP: right posterior portal vein; Lig: Ligamentum teres; RHV: Right hepatic vein.

We then examined the blood vessel diameter of the PRUV and the right anterior portal trunk. The diameter of normal adult right anterior portal trunk was 6.1±0.9 mm (5.9±0.9 mm for men, 6.4±1.0 mm for women) and that of the PRUV was 12.4±4.4 mm (men 16.0±2.4 mm, women 10.1±3.8 mm). Therefore, the PRUV was significantly enlarged. The mean flow velocity in the PRUV was 17.7±3.0 cm/s (17.6±3.1 cm/s for men, 17.1±3.1 cm/s for women) and that of the right anterior portal trunk was 17.6±4.1 cm/s (16.0±3.2 cm/s for men, 18.9±3.4 cm/s for women) demonstrating no difference. However, the mean flow volume of right anterior portal trunk 0.20±0.06 L/min, 0.18±0.05 L/min for men, 21±0.06 L/min for women) was significantly lower than that of the PRUV 0.97±0.30 L/min (1.21±0.21 L/min for men (0.82±0.34 L/min for women) Table 1.

Table 1 Comparison of blood vessel diameter, blood flow velocity and volume comparison between normal persons (NP) and patients with PRPV (mean±SD).

	Patients with
	NP	PRUV	P
Vessel diameter (jmm)
Male	5.9±0.9 (n=10)	16.0±2.4 (n = 4)	<0.01
Female	6.4±1.0 (n = 10)	10.1±3.8 (n = 6)	<0.01
Total	6.1±0.9 (n = 20)	12.4±4.4 (n = 10)	<0.01
Mean velocity (cm/s)
Male	17.6±3.1 (n = 10)	16.0±3.2 (n = 4)	NS
Female	17.1±3.1 (n = 10)	18.9±3.4 (n = 6)	NS
Total	17.7±3.0 (n = 20)	17.6±4.1 (n = 10)	NS
Flow volume (L/min)
Male	0.18±0.05 (n = 10)	1.21±0.21 (n = 4)	<0.01
Female	0.21±0.06 (n = 10)	0.82±0.34 (n = 6)	<0.01
Total	0.20±0.06 (n = 20)	0.97±0.30 (n = 10)	<0.01

Note: NP, Normal group of patient; PRUV, Persistent right umbilical vein.

In patients with this anomaly, the PRUV lay astride the ligamentum teres, or on the left side of the ligame-ntum teres of the gallbladder (i.e., left-sided gallbladder) (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Persistent right umbilical vein of the portal vein astride the igamentum teres of the gallbladder. PRUV: persistent right umbilical vein; GB: gallbladder; IVC: inferior vena cava.

Only in 1 of these 10 cases, the neck of the gallbladder began diagonally opposite the main PV. The gallbladder body went in the direction of the left side and fundus was enlarged to the left side of the above mesenteric artery (Figure 3). In two patients, the left hepatic vein was shunted from the top of the PRUV to the portal branch to the inside of the left-lobe. Turbulent blood-flow together with portal venous shunt was observed at the PRUV (Figure 4). Two patients underwent hepatic resection because of an intra-hepatic bile duct stone in the right posterior segment. Furthermore, 1 patient showed malrotation of the intestine in the colon fiberscopic examination.

Figure 3 A case of persistent right umbilical vein with left-sided gallbladder. GB: gallbladder; MPV: main portal vein; Ao: abdominal aorta.

Figure 4 Persistent right umbilical vein with portal venous shunt of the P3 and left hepatic vein. LHV: left hepatic vein; PV: portal vein.

DISCUSSION

The prevalence of PRUV ranges from 0.1% to 0.7%, according to previous reports[1,2,3,6]. The reported prevalence is almost equivalent to 0.17% (10 of 5783) in our present study. Other studies have reported a higher prevalence, which is 1.2% in the computed tomography study of Maetani et al[8]. This difference is probably due to the absence of an ultrasonographic examination. Infect, 4 of 10 cases in our study were not detected for this anomaly during a previous examination. Therefore, this anomaly should be kept in mind during ultrasonographic examination.

A striking feature of this anomaly is the deviation of the ligamentum teres to the right, accompanying a PRUV. Therefore, the PRUV becomes a decisive factor to confirm the position of this ligamentum teres. The male to female ratio of this anomaly is reported to be 2:3 according to Yamasaki et al[9]. Our study showed a 4:6 ratio of male to female with this anomaly.

Blood vessel diameter and mean flow volume were clearly increased in the right umbilical portion compared to that of right anterior portal trunk. The reason is probably that right umbilical portion plays a role in the right anterior segment branch and the left lobe branch from main portal vein.

Ramification in some major branches at more distal levels is the most important clinical feature of this PV anomaly. A risk for hepatic necrosis increases in liver resection otherwise an anomalous portal trunk is well understood at the peripheral branch level. Dissection of the liver along the right side of the ligamentum teres, as is usually performed in the donor’s liver during a partial liver transplantation, may cause a circulatory disturbance of a wide area of the right lobe. Therefore, it is important to understand the portal running by US before operation. In addition, this portal anomaly always accompanies the abnormal position of the left side of the gallbladder (left-sided gallbladder).

Gross[6] proposed two hypotheses for the origin of a left-sided gallbladder. The normal gallbladder migrates to the left lobe instead of the right and localizes at, the left side of the ligamentum teres. An accessory gallbladder may arise from the left hepatic duct while the normal gallbladder fails to develop.

However, Ozeki et al[4] reported a case of left-sided gallbladder with a PV anomaly and proposed another origin. They suggested that the gallbladder is situated on the left side of the ligamentum teres simply because the latter deviates to the right. Furthermore, Kimura et al[5] and Yamasaki et al[9] reported a case of portal in front of the duodenum. Infrahepatic inferi should be looked for during routine US screening or vena cava defect[10], multiple spleens, malrotation of the intestine and annular pancreas with PRUV should be considered.

In conclusion, PV anomaly has important clinical implications in preoperative examination of the liver, and should be looked for during routine screening.