Cold water infusion enhances image quality in sedated miniprobe endoscopic ultrasonography: A prospective, multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial

Figure 1 Image quality assessment. A: Score 5, image contains no air artefact, and the assessment of lesion size and characteristics is uncompromised; B: Score 3, image contains air artefact, mildly compromising the assessment of lesion size and characteristics; C: Score 1, image contains severe air artefact, and the lesion of interest cannot be seen; D-F: Gastric antrum peristalsis after water infusion. Grade 1, no peristalsis (D); grade 2, mild peristalsis (E); grade 4, vigorous peristalsis (F); G-I: Colorectal peristalsis after water infusion. Grade 1, no peristalsis (G); grade 2, mild peristalsis (H); grade 4, vigorous peristalsis (I).

Figure 2  Allocation of participants showing the flow of patients through the study from screening to final analysis according to the CONSORT 2010 statement.

Figure 3 Comparison of the overall image quality scores of the three groups. ^aP < 0.0125 (Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold). NS: Not significant.

Figure 4 Comparison of peristaltic grade in the cold water group (grade 1 no peristalsis). A: The proportion of peristalsis grade 1 before and after water infusion in the stomach; B: The proportion of peristalsis grade 1 before and after water infusion in the duodenum; C: The proportion of peristalsis grade 1 before and after water infusion in the colorectum. ^aP < 0.05.

Figure 5 Haemodynamic changes in the three groups. A: Mean arterial pressure at different time points; B: Heart rate at different time points; C: Oxygen saturation at different time points. ^bP < 0.05 the cold vs hot groups, ^cP < 0.05 the warm vs hot groups. SpO₂: Oxygen saturation.