Periodontal treatment and microbiome-targeted therapy in management of periodontitis-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with oral and gut dysbiosis

Figure 1 Circular model of crosstalk between periodontal disease, gut microbiota, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; FFA: Free fatty acids; PAMPs: Pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules; SCFA: Short-chain fatty acids; EtOH, Ethanol.

Figure 2 Periodontal treatment and microbiome-targeted therapy in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients with periodontitis based on the oral-gut-liver axis concept. NAFL: Nonalcoholic fatty liver; NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis