Antifungal activity and antidiarrheal activity via antimotility mechanisms of (-)-fenchone in experimental models

Figure 1 Effect of oral administration of (-)-fenchone and loperamide on gastric emptying in male Swiss mice. Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation and analyzed by ANOVA, followed by Dunnet and Tukey's multiple comparison tests (^bP < 0.01 and ^eP < 0.001, compared to the 5% tween 80 group) (n = 7/per group).

Figure 2 Effect of oral administration of (-)-fenchone and loperamide in intestinal transit in male Swiss mice. Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation and analyzed by ANOVA, followed by Dunnet and Tukey’s multiple comparison tests (^eP < 0.001, compared to the 5% tween 80 group) (n = 7/per group).

Figure 3 Effect of oral administration of (-)-fenchone after treatment with pilocarpine and yohimbine, and on intestinal transit of mice. Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation and analyzed by ANOVA, followed by Dunnet and Tukey's tests (^bP < 0.01 and ^eP < 0.001, compared whit tween 5% tween 80) (P < 0.01 compared to the pilocarpine whit pilocarpine + (-)-fenchone group (n = 7/per group).

Figure 4 Effect of oral administration of (-)-fenchone after treatment with propranolol on intestinal transit of mice. Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation and analyzed by ANOVA, followed by Dunnet and Tukey's tests (^bP < 0.01 and ^eP < 0.001, compared whit tween 5% tween 80) (P < 0.001 compared to the unblocked (-)-fenchone group) (n = 7/per group).

Figure 5 Effect of oral administration of (-)-fenchone after treatment with L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester, and glibenclamide on intestinal transit of mice. Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation and analyzed by ANOVA, followed by Dunnet and Tukey's tests (^bP < 0.01 and ^eP < 0.001, compared whit tween 5% tween 80 groups) (P < 0.001 compared to the unblocked (-)-fenchone group) (n = 7/per group). Statistical analysis: ANOVA followed by the Tukey test.

Figure 6 Effect of oral administration of (-)-fenchone and loperamide on castor oil-induced enteropooling in mice. Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation and analyzed by ANOVA, followed by Dunnet and Tukey's tests (^eP < 0.001, compared whit tween 5% tween 80 groups) (n = 7/per group).