Research progress on chemopreventive effects of phytochemicals on colorectal cancer and their mechanisms

Figure 1 Sulforaphane regulates Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway and induces phase II metabolic enzyme expression. Blue arrows indicate that under normal circumstances, Nrf2 binds to Keap1 in the cytoplasm and undergoes ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Red arrows indicate that under SFN treatment or ROS attack, Nrf2 is activated though the MAPK, PIK3 and PKC signaling pathways, and translocated to the nucleus, where it binds to promoter region ARE of the target genes and activates the expression of phase II metabolic enzymes. ARE: Antioxidant response element; MAPKs: Mitogen-activated protein kinases; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PKC: Protein kinase C; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; SFN: Sulforaphane.