Esophageal cancer: Risk factors, screening and endoscopic treatment in Western and Eastern countries

Figure 1 Estimated age-standardized rates per 100000. Year 2012. Modified from IARC, GLOBOCAN[5].

Figure 2 Algorithm for the screening surveillance, and management of Barrett’s esophagus. Risk factors for esophageal adenocarcinoma: age > ó = 50 years, male sex, white race, hiatal hernia, elevated body-mass index, intra-abdominal body-fat distribution, or tobacco use. Modified from reference[19].

Figure 3 TNM classification. m: Mucosa; sm: Submucosa; 1,2,3: The tumor affects the upper third, middle third or lower third, respectively. Modified from reference[30].