Helicobacter pyloriγ-glutamyl transpeptidase: A formidable virulence factor

Figure 1 Schematic diagram highlighting important effects of Helicobacter pyloriγ-glutamyl transpeptidase on both gastric epithelial and immune cells and their implications on carcinogenesis and persistence of Helicobacter pylori in the gastric mucosa. COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2; HpGGT: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; GSH: Glutathione; HB-EGF: Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor; IL-8: Interleukin-8; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; miR-155: microRNA-155; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; VacA: Vacuolating cytotoxin. Red arrows indicate upregulation of the respective molecules.