Titanium dioxide induced inflammation in the small intestine

Figure 1 Mean and SE of cytokine concentration in the small intestine of mice according to treatment groups. A: Pro-inflammatory cytokines in the jejunum; B: Pro-inflammatory cytokines in the ileum; C: T-helper (Th) 1 type cytokines in the jejunum; D: Th1 type cytokines in the ileum; E: Th2 type cytokines in the jejunum; F: Th2 type cytokines in the ileum; G: Th17 type cytokines in the jejunum; H: Th17 type cytokines in the ileum; I: Transforming growth factor (TNF)-β in the jejunum and ileum. ^aP < 0.05 for pairwise comparison test. NPTiO₂: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles; MPTiO₂: Titanium dioxide microparticles; IL: Interleukin; IFN: Intracellular interferon.

Figure 2 T CD4⁺ cells quantified by immunohistochemistry in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of mice, according to treatment group. Mean and SE of ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs control group for pairwise comparison test. NPTiO₂: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles; MPTiO₂: Titanium dioxide microparticles.