Mangiferin, a natural xanthone, accelerates gastrointestinal transit in mice involving cholinergic mechanism

Figure 1 Chemical structure of mangiferin.

Figure 2 Effects of mangiferin and tegaserod on normal gastrointestinal transit. Each column represents mean ± SEM (n = 8). ^aP < 0.05 vs vehicle control group.

Figure 3 Effect of co-administered mangiferin on delayed gastrointestinal transit induced by morphine, ondansetron, and capsaicin in mice. A: Morphine (2.5 mg/kg, sc); B: Ondansetron (3 mg/kg, ip); C: Capsaicin (0.3 mg/kg, po) induced gastrointestinal transit-delay. Each column represents mean ± SEM (n = 8). ^aP < 0.05 vs vehicle control group; ^cP < 0.05 vs respective morphine/ondansetron/capsaicin; ^eP < 0.05 vs mangiferin alone group.

Figure 4 Effect of co-administered mangiferin on d^elayed gastrointestinal transit induced by clonidine and verapamil in mice. A: Clonidine (0.1 mg/kg, ip); B: Verapamil (5 mg/kg, ip) induced gastrointestinal transit-delay. Each column represents mean ± SEM (n = 8). ^aP < 0.05 vs vehicle control group; ^cP < 0.05 vs respective clonidine/verapamil group; ^eP < 0.05 vs mangiferin alone group.

Figure 5 Effect of co-administered mangiferin on atropine-induced delayed gastrointestinal transit in mice. Each column represents mean ± SEM (n = 8). ^aP < 0.05 vs vehicle control group; ^cP < 0.05 vs bethanechol alone group; ^eP < 0.05 vs mangiferin alone group.