Kidneys in chronic liver diseases

Figure 1 Pathogenesis of hepatorenal syndrome with possible triggering factors. SIRS: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome; NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Figure 2 Hemodynamic and neurohormonal consequences of progressive vasodilatation in splanchnic vascular territory. CO: Cardiac output; EAV: Effective arterial volemia; HR: Heart rate; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; GFR: Glomerular filtration rate; RAAS: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; SNS: Sympathetic nervous system; HRS: Hepatorenal syndrome.

Figure 3 Differential diagnosis of three forms of acute kidney injury in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. SBP: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis; Cr: Creatinine; HRS-1: Type 1 hepatorenal syndrome; ATN: Acute tubular necrosis; U_Osm: Urine osmolality; U_Na: Urinary sodium.