Management of Crohn’s disease in smokers: Is an alternative approach necessary?

Figure 1 Cumulative probability of relevant recurrence (grade 3 or 4 of endoscopic and/or clinical recurrence) depending on preventive use of azathioprine and active smoking. Reproduced from Cortés et al[45] with permission. AZA: Azathioprine.

Figure 2 Algorithm for patient in medically or surgically induced remission. Low risk is defined as long-standing, short segment fibrostenotic disease without or with minimum active inflammation. TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.

Figure 3 Relapse (flare-up) risk during follow-up of Crohn’s disease in continuing smokers, ex-smokers (quitters) and patients who have never smoked. The stated P-value corresponds to comparison between the quitters and continuing smokers. Reproduced from Cosnes et al[18] with permission.